The U.S. could ramp up the electrification of heavy industry by 50%, reduce the sector’s fossil fuel use by 25% and cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 100 million metric tons per year by 2030, according to a new report from Schneider Electric’s Sustainability Research Institute.
But hitting those ambitious targets will require a shift of focus, the report says. Instead of prioritizing long-term solutions for the hardest-to-abate industries, such as petrochemicals, oil and coal, a different approach could zero in on the lower-hanging fruit of individual processes that can be electrified with existing technologies and without major changes to production.
“Emissions are not all equal,” the report says. “Those that can be reduced more rapidly hold much greater value than those that could be reduced in the future (even if massive).”
Pushing toward President Joe Biden’s goal of reducing the nation’s GHG emissions by 50 to 52% from 2005 levels by 2030, the U.S. has focused on electrification of transportation and buildings via incentives in the Inflation Reduction Act. But industrial electrification varies from sector to sector, the report says.
Electric arc furnaces are widely used in steel production, but options for electrifying the high-temperature process heat needed for chemicals and oil and gas refining still are in the demonstration phase, according to the Department of Energy’s recent Pathways to Commercial Liftoff: Industrial Decarbonization report.
Industry accounts for about 23% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, according to EPA. The Schneider report notes that five sectors ― chemicals, petroleum and coal products, primary metals, nonmetallic minerals and paper ― make up close to 75% of that total.
Traditional approaches to industrial decarbonization require that certain hard-to-abate industries continue to rely on natural gas or other fossil fuels to produce the high heat they need, until alternative technologies such as green hydrogen, carbon capture and sequestration, and small modular reactors can be commercialized at scale.
The report cites 2020 research from the California Energy Commission suggesting that building electrification could drive a switch away from natural gas and a decrease in the customer base, driving up natural gas prices for buildings and industry. Natural gas prices for industry could double by 2030, the CEC report predicts.
“This is particularly relevant in the context of rapid relocalization of a number of industries in the country,” the Schneider report says. “Will these new facilities be built for a net-zero world, relying on alternative and sustainable energy resources, or will they be connected to the existing natural gas grid and perpetuate reliance on fossil fuels?”
To move toward electrification, the report breaks down industrial energy use and emissions into subprocesses ― direct and indirect, process and nonprocess ― and identifies which could be electrified quickly in the coming decade. For example, most nonprocess energy use ― that is, energy not used for manufacturing but for building operations such as lighting and space heating and cooling ― could be rapidly electrified with existing technologies.
A second phase of industrial electrification would include the technologies currently being demonstrated but not yet deployed at commercial scale, especially for targeted processes in sectors such as food and beverage, textiles and electrical equipment, the report says.
Of the 21 industrial sectors analyzed in the report, the combination of the first and second phases could push eight to 80% electrification and 16 to at least 60% within a decade.
The report notes that half the reductions in fossil fuel use and GHG emissions will come from “easy to abate” industrial sectors, rather than hard-to-abate processes.
The report acknowledges the reduction in fossil fuel use will increase electricity demand ― by about 300 TWh per year ― but assumes that this new demand would be met with the wind, solar and storage sitting in interconnection queues across the country, providing additional efficiencies and emission reductions.
Getting the Finances Right
Beyond 2030, a third phase of industrial electrification would require innovative technologies still in development, such as electric “cracking” furnaces used in the production of petrochemicals and other electric furnaces, the report says.
Such innovations could drive industrial electrification to 64% across sectors, with 14 sectors hitting 80%, the report says.
“This major opportunity challenges the current hard-to-abate-centric approach to industrial decarbonization, which suggests little is achievable until new innovations deploy at scale.”
The obstacles ahead include a lack of information about the potential benefits of industrial electrification, getting the finances right and “grid reinforcements, which take several years to materialize.” The report provides general, mostly familiar recommendations.
To raise public and industry awareness, the report proposes the launch of dedicated state offices or clearinghouses to advance industrial electrification.
Getting the finances right will require making the cost of electrification competitive or at least comparable with natural gas, through tax incentives but also new approaches to electricity rate-setting, including time-of-use rates, to promote system flexibility.
Grid modernization and expansion will take time and will “come at the expense of natural gas grids and their associated revenues,” the report says. “This also requires a specific policy focus to ensure a smooth transition.”
ERO Enterprise stakeholders will be closely watching FERC’s open meeting this week for updates on several items related to NERC and its reliability standards.
NERC’s proposed cold weather standard EOP-012-2 (Extreme cold weather preparedness and operations) is among the topics the commission might be deciding at its meeting (RD24-5). The ERO submitted the standard for approval in February after NERC’s Board of Trustees approved it.
FERC ordered NERC to develop the new standard last year to replace EOP-012-1, which the commission approved last year while noting numerous “undefined terms, broad limitations, exceptions and exemptions, and prolonged compliance periods” that must be addressed before EOP-012-1 takes effect this October. (See FERC Orders New Reliability Standards in Response to Uri.)
The replacement standard has met some criticism from stakeholders: This year, the ISO/RTO Council (IRC) expressed “united opposition” to EOP-012-2 and called on FERC to remand the standard back to NERC for revision. In its comment, the IRC said NERC’s proposed requirements were “subjective [and] unclear,” for example by excusing generator owners from implementing freeze protection measures by claiming a “cold weather constraint,” or by granting overly generous exemptions for existing generating units.
NERC dismissed IRC’s objections in an April filing, indicating that its drafting team had aimed to “provide a high bar for generators that operate in cold weather” while addressing concerns that overly stringent requirements could push generator operators to not use their facilities in cold weather at all.
Assessment Proposal Still Under Consideration
Also on FERC’s agenda is the commission’s proposal to require NERC to submit performance assessments every three years, shortening the timeline from the five-year cycle currently in effect (RM21-12).
FERC suggested the shortened time frame in 2021, saying a quicker turnaround would “provide better continuity” in the commission’s oversight of the ERO Enterprise and its ability to identify potential performance improvements more quickly. The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking was issued alongside an order for NERC to audit the compliance monitoring and enforcement programs of all regional entities. (See FERC Orders Audits of All REs by 2023.)
NERC and the REs pushed back on the commission’s plan, claiming they would “place a burden on ERO Enterprise staff … that would outweigh any potential benefits.” Specifically, respondents warned of the time required to coordinate with REs, incorporate stakeholder feedback and gain approval from NERC’s board, and said adhering to a shorter time frame could prevent the ERO from reviewing the breadth of topics that it normally does in its assessments.
In this year’s draft performance assessment posted for comment in April, NERC suggested that FERC terminate the proceeding. The most recent filing in the docket was from the Western Interconnection Regional Advisory Body in 2021, endorsing FERC’s proposed three-year timeline.
FERC Considering IBR Rule Changes
The final ERO-related item in FERC’s agenda is NERC’s proposed updates for its Rules of Procedure relating to registration of inverter-based resources (RR24-2).
NERC developed the ROP changes last year as stage 1 of its three-stage registration process approved by FERC in May 2023. They will revise the definitions of generator owner and operator to create a new category, GO-IBR, for entities that own or operate IBRs that either have or contribute to an aggregate nameplate capacity of at least 20 MVA and are connected to a common point of connection with a voltage of at least 60 kV.
If FERC approves NERC’s ROP changes this week, the ERO’s next step will be to identify candidates for GO-IBR registration by May 2025, and then to register GO-IBRs by May 2026.
CAISO stakeholders are calling on the ISO to take a bigger role in reliability planning because of the increasingly complicated nature of ensuring reliability on the California grid in the face of climate change.
“At this point in time, we have arguably five different agencies involved in keeping the lights on in California,” Carrie Bentley, CEO of Gridwell Consulting, said on behalf of the Western Power Trading Forum (WPTF) during a June 18 presentation to the ISO’s Resource Adequacy and Program Design Working Group.
Key among those other agencies are California’s Public Utilities Commission, Energy Commission and Department of Water Resources, which manages the state’s strategic energy reserve.
“We have overlapping processes that are only getting more complex over time. The coordination and processes are growing more complex because the state is not only trying to accommodate climate change, [and] plan for climate change, but it’s also trying to prevent climate change,” Bentley said.
Because no single agency is in charge of ensuring “holistic” reliability, Bentley proposed that CAISO take on that role and, more specifically, conduct probabilistic loss-of-load-expectation (LOLE) modeling to better understand the aggregate impact of the changing climate on grid conditions.
“This [LOLE modeling] actually allows you to say, ‘What are the impacts of all of these probabilities, all these different extreme events, and these different levers being pulled on by different agencies? What is the aggregate impact on the CAISO balancing area?’ And the only way I know to do that robustly is through loss-of-load-expectation modeling,” Bentley said.
In addition to driving up peak load, higher temperatures are also causing “astronomical” increases in load variability, Bentley said. Between 2017 and 2023, that variability was significant enough to cause load forecasts to deviate from actual loads by several thousand more megawatts than historically normal.
Planning processes must account for increases in variability to ensure reliability, Bentley said. And because resource planning is conducted over so many different agencies and processes, it is unclear if processes are “calibrated for climate change” or if “CAISO’s balancing area is actually reliable,” she added.
“There is a clear and present need for not just re-evaluation of individual processes for climate change, but also to do this holistically. And we think CAISO is uniquely suited to provide this function. In fact, we think CAISO is probably the only agency that will be able to provide this function because they’re the only ones with a clear picture,” Bentley said.
Bentley also called on CAISO to update counting rules and the planning reserve margin (PRM).
Other stakeholders expressed support for Bentley’s suggestions.
“This resonates incredibly … and is something we deeply need,” Cathleen Colbert, senior director of Western markets and policy at Vistra, said during the meeting. “We need to understand, what is the reliability status of the balancing authority area on a forward-looking probabilistic basis?”
Aditya Jayam Prabhakar, director of resource assessment and planning at CAISO, reassured stakeholders that the ISO is already working to address Bentley’s two main requests: to evaluate forward CAISO reliability assessments in terms of LOLE modeling, and to update default PRM and RA counting rules.
WPTF also requested that the ISO establish a comprehensive mothball and retirement process for generating plants based on local needs, but Bentley emphasized that the LOLE modeling should first be “stood up, and then it will naturally flow into other processes.”
As NV Energy moves forward with plans to join CAISO’s Extended Day-Ahead Market, Nevada regulators have laid out a framework for how the company can seek approval for EDAM participation.
NV Energy should make the request through an amendment to the company’s energy supply plan, according to an order the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada (PUCN) approved June 21. NV Energy used a similar process in 2014 to get PUCN approval for joining CAISO’s Western Energy Imbalance Market (WEIM).
And as part of its request, NV Energy should address a long list of questions posed by the PUCN, ranging from the costs to join a day-ahead market to how participation will impact revenues and rates and what a path to an RTO would look like.
A Nevada law adopted in 2021 requires transmission providers in the state to join an RTO by January 2030.
The PUCN opened a docket in October 2023 to explore regional market activities in the Western Interconnection.
Commissioner Tammy Cordova, the presiding officer in the case, held three workshops this year on day-ahead market participation and invited two rounds of stakeholder comments. The workshops looked at cost-benefit studies and market design for the two competing Western day-ahead markets: CAISO’s EDAM and SPP’s Markets+.
The company expects to file a request to join EDAM this year.
The announcement came after a Brattle Group study this year projected that NV Energy’s benefits under EDAM would range from $62 million to $149 million in 2032, depending on the market footprint, whereas Markets+ benefits would range from a $17 million loss to a $16 million gain.
During the commission’s June 21 meeting, Cordova said the cost-benefit analyses are just one factor to consider in a day-ahead market choice.
“It was really important to me that we had information beyond just production-cost modeling when we would evaluate whether or not any request by NV Energy was in the public interest,” Cordova said.
In a request to join a day-ahead market, the commission wants to hear about the market’s governance and who else plans to join.
Other questions focus on the resiliency of the market to natural disasters or cybersecurity threats. PUCN wants to know how GHG emissions will be tracked and the impact on compliance with the state’s renewable portfolio standard.
Another issue is the impacts on non-jurisdictional transmission customers in NV Energy’s balancing authority area.
Other questions are the impact of joining a day-ahead market on generation development and on building new transmission.
In written comments, PUCN staff said NV Energy should be required to address “whether the potential $5 [billion] to $10 billion of transmission investments proposed for Nevada will be impacted depending on which [day-ahead market] NV Energy requests to join.”
Staff pointed specifically to the Cross-Tie, SWIP-North, One Nevada No. 2 and TransWest projects.
In comments filed May 30, NV Energy expressed support for the list of questions.
“Examination of these areas will provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential benefits associated with DAM participation in general and of specifically joining the EDAM,” the company said.
Following approval of its order June 21, the commission is largely wrapping up the day-ahead market portion of the docket.
But in a second phase of the docket, the PUCN will be taking a closer look at RTO participation. A schedule for the RTO phase of the docket has yet to be established.
FERC is expected to issue an order during its June 27 open meeting on a complaint alleging PJM violated its Reliability Assurance Agreement (RAA) when accrediting intermittent resources (EL23-13).
Filed in November 2022 by economist Roy Shanker, the complaint argues the RTO improperly included energy above intermittent resources’ capacity interconnection rights (CIRs) when determining their capacity contributions. The practice was used for resources accredited through PJM’s effective load-carrying capability (ELCC) approach.
The commission issued a March 2023 order accepting a PJM proposal intending to resolve the issue by modifying the ELCC analysis to cap the hourly output a resource is expected to be able to offer at its CIR level (ER23-1067). The commission also is slated to issue an additional order in that docket June 27. (See FERC Approves Revisions to PJM’s ELCC Accreditation Model.)
The month prior to FERC’s order granting PJM’s proposal, Shanker argued against PJM comments asking the commission to dismiss his complaint, saying that even if the proposal resolved RAA violations going forward, that would not cure past violations.
The complaint asked the commission to adjust prior Base Residual Auction settlements “that are not time barred” and effectively implement its proposed cap on hourly output immediately without a transitional period. It requested an effective date of Nov. 30, 2022, and refunds through the implementation of PJM’s proposal.
FERC has established settlement judge procedures to consider the validity of rate schedules filed by Talen Energy to continue operating its Brandon Shores and H.A. Wagner generators past their retirement date (ER24-1787, ER24-1790). (See PJM Requests 2nd Talen Generator Delay Retirement.)
The commission’s June 17 order states that the proposed rate schedules may not be just and reasonable because of the calculation of the filings’ valuations of the two generators. It also took issue with adjusting fixed operating and maintenance expenses for inflation using an escalation index, along with the proposed monthly project investment tracker payment and performance requirements.
“While we are setting these matters for a trial-type evidentiary hearing, we encourage the parties to make every effort to reach settlement before hearing procedures commence,” the order states.
The filings requested annual fixed costs of around $175 million to keep Brandon Shores’ 1,273-MW coal-fired generator online from June 1, 2025, through Dec. 31, 2028, as well as variable costs such as fuel and $29.9 million in project investments. The Wagner filing requests $40.3 million annually to keep two of Wagner’s oil-fired units, amounting to 702 MW, online for the same period and $4.5 million in additional investments.
The reliability-must-run (RMR) agreement is intended to keep the generators online to avoid reliability violations identified throughout the Baltimore region while transmission reinforcements are constructed that would allow the units to deactivate without issue. (See FERC Approves Cost Allocation for $5 Billion in PJM Transmission Expansion.)
The proposed rates were opposed by the Independent Market Monitor and the Maryland Public Service Commission, who argued the rate schedules would improperly include sunk costs incurred prior to the start of the RMR term and unrelated to the going-forward costs of keeping the facilities operational.
The Monitor argued that including sunk costs that have already been reported as impaired assets would ask ratepayers to make investors whole for past losses.
The June 17 order accepted the rate schedules, suspended them and initiated the settlement judge procedures with the possibility of evidentiary hearings if that avenue does not yield a consensus.
Maryland Deputy People’s Counsel William Fields said sunk costs make up a significant portion of the proposed rates and the Office of People’s Counsel is preparing an analysis on how the RMR could affect state ratepayers. He said the office is pleased with the commission’s decision to open settlement judge procedures and plans to fully participate.
“We don’t view those as costs that are related to going forward with operations of the plant.”
Fields said he believes PJM’s backlogged generation interconnection process leaves few alternatives to expensive RMR contracts to keep retiring resources online while major grid reinforcements are constructed.
“We’ve got a few concerns with that approach or reliance on the market response here, and one is that this happens very quickly. You’re talking months, and that is very, very quick for any kind of significant market response to a significant, pretty big retirement. Trying to respond to that with a lot of megawatts is going to be difficult in any circumstance, and right now, the PJM queue process is working through its backlog, and that makes it even more difficult for some kind of new resource to get through and get online on a time frame that’s going to help the situation at all,” he said.
Protesters also disputed the filings’ methodology for determining the value of Brandon Shores and Wagner, depreciation and the amount of risk the company faces in continuing to operate the generators.
Monitor Joe Bowring said opportunity costs similar to those Talen is seeking to include in the rates have been rejected by the commission in past RMR filings.
The Brandon Shores filing also notes it’s subject to a settlement agreement with the Sierra Club requiring that coal combustion at the site cease by the end of 2025. It states that it will seek changes to those terms to allow the generator to keep operating for the RMR term.
Casey Roberts of the Sierra Club said the organization is willing to engage with Talen on the agreement, but “additional protections for the local community and consumers, and longer-term reforms to avoid similar predicaments in the future, must all be on the table.”
The club’s protest of the rate schedule also urged the commission to not approve an RMR agreement that would pay for Brandon Shores to remain online until the agreement has been modified to allow the generator to operate.
“Thus, it appears on the face of the CORS [continuing operations rate schedules] that Talen intends not to operate Brandon Shores under the CORS unless its settlement agreement with Sierra Club is modified, notwithstanding the hundreds of millions of dollars in fixed monthly payments that Talen would receive even if it never generates a single megawatt hour. FERC cannot approve such an arrangement, particularly on the expedited basis that Talen seeks in this proceeding,” the Sierra Club wrote.
Both the Sierra Club and Maryland Public Service Commission argued that the proposed rates lack performance requirements and would require load to pay significant sums to keep the two generators operational with no guarantee they would respond if dispatched by PJM.
Maryland PSC spokesperson Tori Leonard said the commission supports FERC’s directive opening the settlement judge proceedings.
“FERC’s preliminary analysis confirmed that both the Brandon Shores rate schedule and Wagner rate schedule have not been shown to be just and reasonable and may be unjust, unreasonable, unduly discriminatory or preferential, or otherwise unlawful,” Leonard wrote in an email. “This commission is pleased that FERC granted our request (as well as the request of the Maryland Office of People’s Counsel), to set the matter for settlement judge procedures. The commission will continue to advocate for a reasonable resolution of the Brandon Shores and Wagner RMR filings that will minimize impacts to ratepayers, while preserving the reliability of the bulk electric power system to serve Maryland’s needs.”
The economic forecasts for both New York state and the U.S. are reasonably healthy, stakeholders learned at NYISO’s annual Spring Economic Conference on June 17.
“The track that we’re on is pretty sustainable,” said Adam Kamins, senior director of Moody’s Analytics. “It doesn’t look like there’s any sort of recession imminent.”
Nationally, 200,000 to 250,000 new jobs were created every month in the fourth quarter of 2023 and first quarter of 2024. This was ahead of expectations and “far stronger than expected,” Kamins said.
Kamins anticipates that while new jobs should level off nationally to closer to 100,000 per month, this is unlikely to cause additional inflation. Kamins attributed this to immigration, both documented and undocumented. New families are taking otherwise-unfilled jobs and growing the population.
“We’ve had a surge of immigrants come in and fill all of these jobs and continue to contribute to 250,000 jobs per month,” Kamins said. “But it’s not created this sort of inflationary pressure that we thought it would have if we took the census numbers at face value.”
Later in the presentation, Kamins showed that New York state was among the top destinations for new immigrants, highlighting data from immigration court filings. Many were coming to New York City, but growth could also be seen in other metro areas of Albany, Rochester and Buffalo.
Job growth in New York recovered slowly from the shock it endured during the pandemic, but it has recovered, Kamins said. He pointed to New York City as the primary driver.
This graph shows the recovery of jobs for both the Bureau of Labor Statistics Payroll (blue) and Household (green) surveys of job creation for New York State. While there is a discrepancy between the two rates of growth, they show New York approaching pre-pandemic employment levels. | Moody’s Analytics
“It’s not being driven by the traditional kinds of jobs of the New York City economy. This is not runaway growth in Wall Street jobs,” Kamins said. He explained that this was mostly consumer-facing jobs, driven by tourism and health care services.
The rest of the state has not recovered nearly as well, but Kamins said the outlook was pretty good for markets like Syracuse, Buffalo and Albany.
“Syracuse is clearly outgrowing the U.S. and is actually the second fastest-growing metro area in the region,” Kamins said.
He went on to highlight a “chip corridor” through the Capital Region and Central New York that extends into part of the Southern Tier and the Rochester area. This area is benefiting from the Biden administration’s increased investment in computer chip production as new facilities come online.
“The bigger picture in New York is that, with all of the investment in chip production that’s happened, Upstate New York is really becoming, if not the chip production capital of the U.S., [then] one of two or three [important] areas. … There’s a huge opportunity here.”
This “regional cluster” of chip production and similar high-tech industries could lead to substantial, sustainable growth, unlike the beleaguered Tesla electric vehicle facility in Buffalo, Kamins said.
At the same time, inflation seems to have slowed down such that it is back to the Federal Reserve’s target of 2% per year. Rent growth has slowed nationally, and wage growth is catching back up to price growth. Kamins said Moody’s anticipates the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates this year.
‘Scars Remain’
Kamins cautioned that despite the stronger-than-anticipated economic picture, there were very real problems faced by consumers that have led to decreased confidence in the economy.
The past few years of inflation have outpaced wage growth, leading to an overall decrease in real wages.
“All these income quartiles, including the lowest earners, saw wage growth not keep up with inflation, meaning they’re experiencing real wage declines,” Kamins said. “That doesn’t feel good for people, and the pain is very broad.”
Wage growth moves back ahead of inflation, but scars remain | Moody’s Analytics
Kamins said this was particularly felt in lower wage earners who were already struggling to make ends meet prior to the increase in inflation. While the recovery in wage growth has begun, it hasn’t made it to where it needs to be.
“We will need another year or so of wage growth exceeding growth in inflation, which we think will happen,” Kamins said.
Another major constraint on the economy is housing. Kamins said that nationwide, including New York, lack of supply is driving increased home prices. He said that while the rate of house price growth was slowing, it wasn’t at all close to declining. Builders just aren’t building enough housing to meaningfully curtail prices. This is particularly pronounced in Buffalo.
High housing costs are partly responsible for New Yorkers migrating outward. While that has slowed in recent years, it’s still persistent. Both young professionals and retirees are leaving the state for the Carolinas, Tennessee, Florida, Connecticut and New Jersey.
Novel Emission Considerations
The conference also featured two presentations about optimizing for carbon emissions impact on both the generation and consumption sides.
Lee Taylor, CEO of clean energy advisory firm REsurety, explained the problem of local marginal emissions, the emissions rate of a particular node of the electrical grid. This is the carbon-accounting version of LMP. As load and generation change hour by hour, the ratio of renewables to fossil fuels can change depending on weather, load demand and transmission bottlenecks.
“You have a highly impactful carbon footprint of the projects that are close to the city,” Taylor said. “As you move up into the area toward the Canadian border, you get farther from the load, [and] the impact of the generation profile gets lower and lower in terms of its carbon offset.”
This means that if a renewable energy project is sited far away from the point of delivery, it has less ability to reduce emissions near that point. Taylor noted wind projects close to Canada run often but are often either curtailed or end up competing with other renewables because the power they produce can’t get to where the load is.
Taylor said the renewable energy industry was starting to take this into account when determining where to build, optimizing for cheap emission reductions rather than simply building where it is cheapest.
“A project that is 50% more expensive to build but 70% more carbon-abative is actually cheaper when your goal is to spend the least amount of money to impact the highest amount of carbon, which is, ultimately, the goal of most voluntary carbon actors,” Taylor said.
In addition to siting renewable projects in places where they would have the most emissions impact, large load customers are increasingly taking this into account when considering where to build their facilities.
“Businesses are cost optimizing,” Taylor said. “They’re looking for where does that go the furthest in dollar per ton of carbon.”
On the demand side of things, Gavin McCormick, executive director of nonprofit research group WattTime, said many companies were moving to smart load shifting to offset their emissions.
“We’ve just hit, as of today, 700 million devices worldwide that are optimizing every five minutes their consumption of electricity to reduce emissions,” McCormick said. “All signs point towards sort of roughly a doubling per year for the next four or five years.”
McCormick said this meant that about 20% of smart devices were committed, via software, to implementing this emissions-reduction strategy worldwide. While most of these devices are currently smart phones, McCormick listed several EV manufacturers, including Toyota, Honda and General Motors, as committing to this strategy.
McCormick said the impact of this load shifting on emissions wasn’t clear yet. He said his organization had joined several universities, tech companies and grid operators to attempt to empirically research the impact of this kind of mass, distributed load shifting on emissions.
“We would be very interested in speaking with ISOs about whether we are measuring emissions correctly [and whether] the effects of this [is] what we believe them to be,” McCormick said. “There’s so much corporate interest in shifting load to the cleanest time that I think it should be recognized.”
Contentious NPRR Revising ECRS Passes over Monitor’s Objections
ERCOT’s Board of Directors took up two contentious protocol changes during its June 18 meeting that have divided staff and stakeholders, tabling one it had previously remanded and approving the other over objections from consumer interests and the Independent Market Monitor.
Potomac Economics President David Patton made his second appearance in less than six months before board members to press his case against the grid operator’s heavy use of ERCOT contingency reserve service (ECRS).
Patton, whose firm holds ERCOT’s IMM contract, said he was “very disappointed” with the board’s approval of the protocol change (NPRR1224). The rule change sets a price floor of $750/MWh for the product, which procures capacity resources that can be brought online within 10 minutes and sustained at a specified level for two consecutive hours.
“This is the first time I’ve seen [a grid operator] advocate for such a proposal that is designed to undermine the competitive performance of its market — reducing reliability to artificially inflate its real-time prices,” Patton told RTO Insider.
The Monitor last year said the ECRS product, ERCOT’s first new ancillary service in 20 years, created artificial supply shortages that produced “massive” inefficient market costs totaling about $12 billion during the year. The service was first deployed in June. (See ERCOT Board of Directors Briefs: Dec. 19, 2023.)
“I think this is one of the most important votes to approve something that you’ll ever take,” Patton told the board’s Reliability and Markets Committee on June 17. “The key objectives of any competitive, deregulated wholesale markets is that they produce efficient and competitive outcomes that maintain the reliability. NPR1224 violates all three of those objectives.”
In his presentation to the committee, Patton said NPRR1224 will effectively have ERCOT administer a withholding framework where key economic units are physically withheld from the real-time market until they are deployed. He said it economically withholds the resources after deployment by attaching the $750 offer floor, “for which there is no competitive basis.”
Because ERCOT doesn’t yet co-optimize energy and ancillary services in real time (that is scheduled to come online in 2026), ECRS is quarantined from the real-time market. The Monitor projects that if conditions this year are similar to 2023’s, the NPRR will generate “inefficient and anticompetitive” costs exceeding $5.7 billion. Patton recommended staff instead develop procedures that would anticipate a security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED) shortage and then deploy ECRS.
Attorney Katie Coleman, who represents Texas Industrial Energy Consumers, advocated for a $100 price floor but supported 1224 as an interim step before real-time co-optimization (RTC) is added to the market.
“We are concerned that with the $750 price floor, we are not making much progress relative to last summer’s experience,” she said. “We do support a stopgap between now and real-time co-optimization to insulate the market from those effects, but we believe that the $100 floor is the appropriate level.”
ERCOT staff said they had drafted another protocol change (NPRR1232) as a follow-up to NPRR1224. It would introduce a mechanism to make some ECRS available to SCED every hour, assuming the latter NPRR’s price floor is codified into the protocols. Staff said the price floor represents the opportunity cost of depleting available reserves for use in the real-time market.
Staff said ECRS has been deployed 52 times through May 2024, with 43 of those occasions providing frequency recovery or to cover net load ramps. ERCOT CEO Pablo Vegas used that data point in supporting NPRR1224, which he said is intended to provide some benefits during the summer.
NPPR1224 “represents an improvement over what we saw last year in terms of lowering the price,” Vegas said. “The [Technical Advisory Committee] has worked together to try to find a pathway that addresses some of the cost implications that we saw last summer. It preserves the unique characteristics of ECRS and what we’re able to do under manual deployments today with our control room. It represents the first step in a series of … steps that are going to track us towards RTC.
“I would recommend we move forward with the work that TAC has done and take this first step to see the benefit this summer. We’ll be able to take continued lessons learned into 1232 as we set up the automation of the release of ECRS. We’re going to have to get comfortable as a committee and as a board dealing with issues where there are strong pros and strong cons. We’re not going to be able to necessarily find the middle ground that makes everybody happy on these kinds of issues.”
The R&M Committee, divided over the deliberative stakeholder process and a lack of transparency into the price floor, voted 3-1 to approve NPRR1224. The Office of Public Utility Counsel’s CEO, Courtney Hjaltman, cast the dissenting vote over concerns the price floor is too high. She abstained from the full board’s unanimous vote.
NOGRR245 Bifurcated, Delayed
The board also agreed with staff’s recommendation to table a revision to the Nodal Operating Guide (NOGRR245) that has been bandied back and forth between stakeholders and staff since late last year. The proposed rule change would impose voltage ride-through requirements on inverter-based resources.
Staff said tabling the measure will give them additional time to hammer out an agreement with some stakeholders by bifurcating or decoupling parts of the exemptions and extension process for legacy assets unable to meet ride-through requirements.
“ERCOT believes one more opportunity to work with joint commenters is appropriate to potentially give regulatory certainty,” staff said.
Chad Seely, ERCOT | ERCOT
General Counsel Chad Seely said ERCOT will work to schedule a special board meeting before the regular Aug. 19-20 bimonthly meetings to take up NOGRR245’s exemptions and extension process issues. He said that will allow staff to quickly hand off the measure to the Texas Public Utility Commission for policy discussions. The measure’s reliability assessment process and criteria for hardware upgrades necessary to meet its requirements will go through the normal stakeholder process, with a December target to go before the board.
“This is a critical reliability issue for the grid. It’s time to move this forward and hand this off to the commission as expeditiously as possible,” Seely said, expressing optimism that staff will be able to “effectively bifurcate” the issue.
TAC endorsed the rule change June 7 after several months of trading and reviewing comments with ERCOT, gaining staff’s support in the process. The committee inserted gray-box language with potential modifications that wouldn’t become effective until March 2025. The language was aimed at those entities for which upgrade costs are less than 40% of the full, in-kind replacement cost of a plant’s inverters or turbines and converters. (See ERCOT TAC Endorses Rule for Inverter-based Resources.)
However, the joint commenters — primarily renewable developers — protested the change and threatened to file a complaint at the PUC, saying TAC attempted to defer issues around hardware changes by placing them in the gray-box language. They urged the board to ensure that the ride-through standards “do not have the unintended consequences of harming reliability by eliminating existing generation and harming future investment in infrastructure in the ERCOT market.” (See Renewable Developers Oppose Proposed ERCOT IBR Rule.)
The NOGRR is meant to align the grid operator’s protocols with NERC reliability guidelines and the most relevant parts of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers’ standard for IBRs interconnecting with the grid. The board in April remanded the NOGRR back to TAC, directing that the language be modified to address ERCOT’s reliability concerns.
ECRS Slows Energy Prices’ Drop
ERCOT IMM Director Jeff McDonald said that while he wasn’t going to focus on ECRS in briefing the board, the ancillary service had a profound effect on the market last year.
“I know it comes up repeatedly in the report … but you will see it is the focus in certain areas in the report because it had a fairly profound effect on energy prices and overall cost,” he said in sharing the Monitor’s annual State of the Market report.
McDonald said the load-weighted average energy prices were down about 13% to roughly $65/MWh in 2023 from the year before, even though natural gas prices declined more than 60% during the same period. The report attributes that difference to the “adverse” effects of ECRS’ implementation, noting that real-time prices drive those in the day-ahead and forward markets.
“Electricity prices will be correlated with natural gas prices in a well-functioning market because fuel costs represent the majority of most suppliers’ marginal production costs, and natural gas units are generally on the margin in ERCOT,” the report says.
ECRS’ effect on real-time prices was largely confined to the hotter months of June through September, McDonald said. “So, it did roughly double the real-time energy price during that period.”
McDonald said the IMM spent a “fair amount” of time looking at the market’s competitiveness, finding it to be competitive with little evidence that suppliers exercised market power. He said that while the market has provided sufficient revenues to signal the need for more generation in four of the past six years, he was unable to explain why it took the subsidization of gas plants’ construction through the Texas Energy Fund to make that more of a reality. (See Vistra Joins Rush for Dispatchable Generation Loans.)
“As a project developer, you need to see a series of revenues in the market that would support your investment before you undertake it,” he theorized. “In the investment world, policy risk is a big factor, especially for large capital … investments. So I’ll be spending more time trying to find a satisfactory answers to your question.”
ERCOT: Another Hot Summer
Dan Woodfin, ERCOT’s vice president of system operations, told the board that staff meteorologists expect this summer to be among the hottest on record, as have the past few summers.
“Probably not as hot as last summer, where we just had lots and lots of hot temperatures,” he said. “We’ve actually had quite a few of the summers within the last few years that have been well above normal, and so we expect this summer to fit in with that. Given what we’ve seen in June, I think that we’re trending that way.”
“We’re seeing a pretty significant little bit higher growth during the summer period than what we’ve seen in some of the other seasons,” CEO Vegas said. “It’s a little bit higher than what we’ve seen across other seasons over that same period, and it’s likely due to the very hot summers recently that we’ve just had. So we’ve seen some very recent high weather that has helped to boost some of the demand growth.”
According to a recent University of California, Berkeley study, the state’s average temperature has risen by about 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit since the dawn of the industrial age. However, the heat index has been as many as 11 degrees higher during that same period.
The past two summers have been the second- and third-hottest on record, and four of the 10 hottest summers have come in the past six years, Vegas said. September 2023 was the hottest September on record and included ERCOT’s first energy emergency since the disastrous February 2021 winter storm.
ERCOT set a new demand market record last August of 85.5 GW during a summer in which it issued 17 weather watches, voluntary conservation notices or conservations appeals. As of June 20, it was projecting more than 80 GW of demand on June 26, marking the first 80-GW day of the season. The June record for peak demand came last year at 80.8 GW.
“We are prepared for this summer,” Vegas said, citing weatherization inspections, “meaningful” growth in generation resources and tabletop exercises.
2nd DR RFP Canceled
Vegas said ERCOT is canceling a request for four-hour demand response after it received three offers with less than 10 MW.
A request for 3,000 MW of six-hour DR last fall was canceled when the grid operator received 11.1 MW of potential eligible capacity.
“It is clear from the two recent experiences with capacity [requests for proposals] … that we need to modify the approach for developing the next set of demand response capabilities in the ERCOT market,” Vegas said, echoing similar comments he made last year. (See ERCOT Cancels RFP for Additional Winter Capacity.)
IMM’s David Patton argue against ECRS’ use. | ERCOT
He added that he is confident there is “significant potential” in both residential and commercial and industrial demand response classes. “We need to take a more in-depth approach working with market participants to develop a demand response product that will be additive to the reliability capabilities at an ERCOT market level,” Vegas said.
ERCOT staff are working with PUC staff on a study Vegas said “shows meaningful potential for incremental demand response.” Texas A&M University is nearing completion of the study in advance of next year’s Texas legislative session, PUC Commissioner Kathleen Jackson said.
“Our stretch goal is that we want to look at the lay of the land and come up with recommendations that hopefully we can bring forth during the next legislative session,” Jackson said.
Board Approves $1.12B Project
The board approved ERCOT’s recommended $1.12 billion project to rebuild 345-kV infrastructure in West Texas that will address thermal overloads and petroleum production load-growth issues in the region. The project was also unanimously endorsed by TAC.
Oncor, the transmission provider, will disconnect existing 345- and 138-kV transmission lines before rebuilding about 245 miles of new line and switches. It will also build a new substation and upgrade terminal equipment. The utility plans to complete the work by summer 2028.
The board’s consent agenda included seven NPPRs, two NOGRRs and three revisions to the Planning Guide (PGRRs):
NPRR1198, NOGRR258 and PGRR113: add an extended action plan as a constraint-management plan suitable to managing congestion resolvable by SCED.
NPRR1212 and PGRR114: clarify a distribution service provider’s obligation to provide an electronic service identifier for a resource site that consumes load other than wholesale storage and is not behind a non-opt-in entity tie meter.
NPRR1218: updates the state’s renewable energy credit trading program to clarify that it only applies to solar renewable energy.
NPRR1220: modifies the market’s restart process to require board and TAC approval and provide an alternative mechanism to board approval under certain circumstances.
NPRR1223: updates a protocol form to require transmission and/or distribution service providers to provide contact information to ERCOT.
NPRR1228: decreases the number of firm fuel supply service obligation periods awarded in a procurement from two to one.
NOGRR255: establishes high-resolution data requirements.
PGRR112: sets requirements for interconnecting entities to submit dynamic data models and for transmission service providers to submit final full interconnection studies for approval at least 30 business days before the quarterly stability assessment deadline.
Sunrise Wind has received final federal approval of its construction and operations plan and expects to begin seabed preparations off the New England coast this year.
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management announced the decision June 21. BOEM had formally greenlighted the project with its record of decision March 26, but other pieces of the review process remained.
BOEM’s final approval clears the way for offshore construction of the 924-MW project, which will be the second offshore wind farm to feed into the New York grid and the third project begun by the Ørsted/Eversource partnership. Sunrise’s onshore transmission infrastructure preparations have been underway for months and now will accelerate.
The June 21 announcement was BOEM’s third offshore wind update in four days.
BOEM said June 20 it had determined its plan to lease parts of the Gulf of Maine for wind energy development would have minimal environmental impact, and on June 18, it issued a call for input as it begins to consider a wind lease auction off the coast of a U.S. territory, tentatively targeted for 2028.
Sunrise Wind
The announcements that Sunrise Wind could and would begin construction complete a turnaround from a remarkably bad year for that project and for most other wind farms planned along the Northeast U.S. coast, as soaring costs made offtake contracts negotiated years earlier untenable.
New York state rejected Sunrise’s request for more money in late 2023 but invited a rebid in a rush solicitation. Sunrise submitted a new bid with much higher costs, and New York announced a new contract June 4.
Along the way, Ørsted and Eversource recorded billions of dollars in impairments and losses from their joint venture. There also were some high points: This year, the partners completed South Fork Wind, the first utility-scale wind farm in U.S. waters, and started construction on Revolution Wind.
The two companies are in the late stages of terminating their partnership — Eversource has decided to limit its work in the offshore wind sector to onshore transmission infrastructure. It has reached deals to sell its share of Sunrise to Ørsted and its share of South Fork and Revolution to Global Infrastructure Partners.
“Sunrise Wind is a centerpiece of New York’s clean energy vision, and with this final federal approval, we can officially put the construction phase in motion,” Ørsted Americas CEO David Hardy said in a news release. “BOEM’s approval is an important milestone not just for New York, but also for America’s domestic energy sector.”
Sunrise Wind is to be built in lease area OCS-A 0487, which is 109,952 acres situated more than 30 miles east of the eastern tip of Long Island, closer to Massachusetts and Rhode Island than to New York.
Sunrise is targeted to come online in 2026. Its export cable will stretch about 100 miles to Holbrook on the south shore of Long Island. Port Jefferson Harbor, on the north shore, will host the operations and maintenance hub.
Gulf of Maine
The Gulf of Maine draft environmental analysis announced June 20 is a preparatory step for the auction of up to eight lease areas totaling nearly 1 million acres and holding the potential for up to 15 GW of wind generation capacity.
The Department of the Interior announced in April it is targeting such an auction for 2024. Also this year, it hopes to auction leases in Central Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Oregon regions.
The water is so deep in the Gulf of Maine and Oregon lease areas that wind power development there would rely on floating technology, which still is being developed.
The draft environmental assessment does not examine the environmental impact of installing and operating thousands of floating wind turbines off the Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts coasts.
It assesses only the reasonably foreseeable consequences of site characterization and site assessment activities that would occur as developers conduct the research that would form the basis of their construction and operation plans.
The draft analysis concludes this work would have negligible or negligible-to-minor impacts.
BOEM has been advancing the Biden administration’s offshore wind goals vigorously. While so far it has fended off legal challenges from wind power opponents, it has given consideration to feedback from stakeholders and the public.
BOEM reduced the number of turbines in the Sunrise Wind plan, for example, and reduced the size of the Gulf of Maine Wind Energy Area, both in response to concerns raised in public comment periods.
Before it finalizes the Gulf of Maine environmental analysis, BOEM once again is seeking feedback. A 30-day public comment period on the draft will run through July 22.
US Territories
On June 18, BOEM issued a request for suggestions for baseline environmental and socioeconomic studies that will shape its decisions about potential offshore wind development near U.S. territories.
BOEM also is looking for local entities that could carry out studies and environmental monitoring.
“BOEM develops, funds and manages rigorous scientific research to ensure our decisions are informed by the best science and Indigenous knowledge available,” Rodney Cluck, chief of BOEM’s Environmental Studies Program, said in a news release. “Additional research focused on the U.S. territories will increase our understanding of these important areas, and the potential impacts of offshore wind energy development on their residents and resources.”
The U.S. has territories in both the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, and BOEM’s request for letters of information references both regions.
The regulator is considering a wide range of study subjects, including sea turtles, whales, workforce capabilities, public values, submerged archaeological sites and larval dispersal.
BOSTON — Offshore wind executives and government officials expressed tentative optimism at an offshore wind conference about the industry’s rebound from last year’s spate of contract cancellations.
With construction underway on Vineyard Wind, Revolution Wind and Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind and several earlier-stage projects back under contract or rebid in ongoing state solicitations, the industry is building a foundation heading into the uncertainty of the 2024 election, several speakers emphasized at the June 17-18 Reuters event.
Walter Musial, chief engineer of offshore wind energy at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, said recent project cancellations have delayed offshore wind’s growth in the U.S. but do not seem likely to have a major impact on its long-term outlook.
Most indicators “generally support the long-term viability of the industry,” Musial said.
Heading into the election, “something that we have not done well enough as an industry is selling the job creation story,” said Teddy Muhlfelder, head of Empire Wind for Equinor.
“It’s a truly exciting story for the U.S., which hasn’t seen new major manufacturing in a long time,” Muhlfelder added. “This impacts red states and blue states.”
Despite the recent rebound, the nascent industry remains reliant on federal and state governments as it scales up. A recent report by the Global Wind Energy Council projected 410 GW of additional global offshore wind capacity to be installed over the next decade, contingent on continued policy support. (See Decade of Strong Growth Forecast in Offshore Wind Sector.)
While the Biden administration has approved eight commercial-scale offshore wind projects, former President Donald Trump did not issue a single offshore wind permit during his presidency and has expressed his disdain for offshore wind on the campaign trail.
Speaking about the Atlantic Shores project at a rally in May, Trump said “we’re going to make sure that that ends on day one — I’m going to write it out in an executive order.”
“We must not take a day for granted,” said Daniel Runyan, head of offshore wind development at Invenergy.
Runyan stressed the need to continue building up the domestic supply chain, noting that “we have the opportunity to see some major investment throughout the United States” that would provide job and economic development benefits “beyond just the megawatt hours.”
Despite the uncertainty at the federal level, speakers applauded the Northeast states’ continued commitment to offshore wind amid the recent rocky waters.
David Ortiz, head of government affairs and market strategy at Ørsted, praised the ongoing coordinated procurement of Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The combined solicitation of up to 6,000 MW received 5,454 MW in bids in March, with winning bids set to be announced Aug. 7. (See New England States’ OSW Procurement Receives 5,454 MW in Bids.)
“We think that this coordinated procurement is a really strong step in the right direction and is really leading this industry,” Ortiz said. “Other states should look this way and follow.”
The coordinated procurement is intended to unlock economies of scale and enable the more efficient use of regional supply chains and ports to reduce overall costs to ratepayers.
Ortiz said the Northeast states could further improve their procurement processes by more closely aligning the commercial operations date requirements and inflation index mechanisms of the three state requests for proposals.
Speakers at the conference also called for permitting improvements to help reduce costs and timelines.
“Permitting needs to be accelerated for offshore wind and every other infrastructure project in the U.S,” said Sy Oytan, COO of offshore wind for Avangrid Renewables. He noted that allocating more resources and funding to relevant government agencies could be one way to speed up timelines.
Beyond just permitting speed, “clarity of time frame is absolutely critical,” said Diane Leopold, COO of Dominion Energy. Leopold said uncertainty regarding the length of the permitting process can directly increase costs, particularly for booking contractors.
Muhlfelder of Equinor also stressed the importance of timeline certainty, calling offshore wind a “schedule-driven” industry.
“You’re forecasting eight years out when a vessel’s going to arrive in a four-month window,” Muhlfelder said. “Having a really good understanding of your schedule is going to be key.”
