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March 27, 2023

NERC Balks at Expansion of Cyber Rules

WASHINGTON — NERC will not support expanding physical security standards to all bulk power system transmission assets when it files comments with FERC next month, a senior official told the Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA) last week.

FERC’s existing physical security reliability standard (CIP-014-3) requires transmission owners to perform periodic assessments to identify transmission stations and substations whose loss or damage could cause cascading outages.

In December, FERC ordered NERC to report on the effectiveness of the existing standards and determine whether a minimum level of protections should be required for all BPS transmission stations, substations and primary control centers (RD23-2). The commission acted following the Dec. 3 gunfire attack on two Duke Energy (NYSE:DUK) substations in North Carolina, which left 45,000 customers without power for as long as four days. NERC’s response is due in mid-April. (See FERC Orders NERC Review on Physical Security.)

“The easy answer will be apply everything [to] every station … Just protect them,” NERC Senior Vice President Manny Cancel said during a panel discussion at EPSA’s Competitive Power Summit March 21. “That really is not very prudent. It doesn’t make any sense at the end of the day to drive up costs without really buying down risk. So [NERC will propose] a much more risk-based approach [with a] discussion about the sort of no-regrets moves to make. And it’s not just physical protection, right? It could be everything from designing the grid differently. It could be the introduction of renewables and battery storage. It could be a bunch of those.”

Advance Planning Crucial

Cancel’s fellow panelists agreed on the need to balance costs against risks. They said the most cost-effective protections are those planned in advance.

“Bolting it on [afterward] is not the way that we want to do security,” said Mara Winn, deputy director for preparedness, policy and risk analysis for the Department of Energy’s Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER). “‘Secure by design’ is something that we take very seriously.”

That includes vetting of suppliers. “It is a lot better to know that you’ve done your due diligence, that you … are buying from suppliers that you can trust,” she said.

“You can’t bolt down every system, so you have to pick and choose,” said John J. Rovinski Jr., supervisory special agent in the FBI’s Cyber Division. “Just obstructing the view of things and knowing your architecture is key. … It doesn’t have to be a [large] investment. CISA [the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency] just put out a product on their website last month, specifically talking about hardening power substations, and listed out a number of different things that are not very expensive to do. Just maintaining a fence. Having signage. Making sure there’s no vegetation near those fences offers you better sight lines for your closed-circuit TVs. It’s not very expensive to hire someone to come and trim your bushes back.”

“It can’t be gold-plated. It’s got to be prudent,” said former New Jersey regulator Richard S. Mroz, an adviser to Protect Our Power, an organization that supports efforts to strengthen the grid. “But it is prudent to make these investments … whether it’s in cybersecurity or physical security, because the alternative — the cost of not doing it — is worse.”

‘Copycats’

Cancel is also CEO of the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (E-ISAC), which saw a spike in physical security incidents in the presidential election year of 2020 and in the mid-term election year of 2022. Most incidents involved petty thefts or vandalism, and only 3% of such incidents resulted in impacts to the grid, he said.

Although small groups of neo-Nazi and white supremacist sympathizers have been accused in planned attacks on grid assets, there is no evidence of central planning of such attacks, Cancel and Rovinski said. (See Feds Charge Two in Alleged Conspiracy to Attack BGE Grid.)

In most incidents, Cancel said, “we don’t know a lot about attribution, because, as you know, there hasn’t been many apprehensions.”

But, he added, “When you look at all these extremist groups, or groups that are driven by a particular ideology, it is a consistent arrow in their quiver: That is attacking critical infrastructure, whether it’s electricity or some other critical infrastructure sector. That’s part of their plan.”

As a result, Cancel said, the E-ISAC’s seventh GridEx exercise on Nov. 14-15 will “have a big focus on physical security.”

“The grid itself is a natural target,” said Rovinski, “just because it’s visible, a kind of community service that is locally available — you don’t have to travel far.

“The increase in attacks increases the chatter among the groups who look at the news coverage, because media coverage, obviously, invites copycats,” he added. “They’ve seen power being taken down for 60,000 people. [They think] ‘Oh, that creates an attack that gets our message out, that puts us to the forefront.’”

Transatlantic Cooperation

The panelists also agreed that the U.S. has improved cooperation with its European allies in response to fears that Russia might launch cyberattacks to dissuade them from coming to the aid of Ukraine.

“As far back as probably October of 2021, before the invasion actually occurred, we were getting briefings from our government partners both at CISA and at DOE,” said Cancel.

“We had gotten the sector together to say, look … this threat is real, here are the potential things that could happen [and] made everybody revisit what happened with Ukraine in 2015 and 2016, where Russia actually did disrupt electricity infrastructure there.”

CISA and DOE warned of the need to monitor for malicious software called Pipedream with the ability to disrupt critical infrastructure.

“We came together in unity,” Winn said of the U.S. and its allies. “I think that’s a fantastic outcome of a challenging situation.”

Now, she said, the question is, “What do we need to do to sustain efforts to make sure that we don’t lose all of that engagement? To make sure that … the partnership on analyzing and understanding threats continue.”

Cancel said officials also are focused on the threat from China, which he said has “very sophisticated capabilities that are similar — and in some cases may exceed — [Russia].

“We continue to see attempts to survey networks here in the United States. And what the Chinese are very good at doing is looking for vulnerabilities; looking for holes in networks, so they can get in and introduce malware or just, you know, poke around and see what they can steal. It’s very focused on espionage surveillance.”

March 27, 2023

Regulators Boost Incentive for NJ Floating Solar Project

New Jersey’s Board of Public Utilities (BPU) has increased its incentive to an 8.9 MW floating solar project in Millburn, which the agency says is the largest in the nation.

But the regulator also said the award does not set a precedent for future projects developed on water, which some analysts see as a growth sector for the solar industry.

The BPU agreed to award an incentive of $115.52/MWh to the project in the agency’s now-closed Transition Incentive program, which floats 16,510 solar panels in a reservoir at the American Water Canoe Brook Water Treatment Plant about 10 miles from Newark. The agency agreed to increase the incentive from the original rate of $91.2/MWh, the program’s general rate for net-metered residential and grid-supply ground-mounted projects.

The award concluded a more than two-year negotiation with the reservoir owner, New Jersey American Water, which argued the project should be eligible for an incentive at the top end of the program’s incentive scale — $152/MWh — because the floating array met the program’s “preferred siting” criteria for projects that harness new and innovative technology.

At its Feb. 17 meeting, the BPU approved an order that acknowledged that water-based solar arrays are a “potentially positive development in renewable energy technology” and use “novel technology.”

However, the order added, the award would not apply to future floating solar projects, in large part because the Transition Incentive program was shut down in July 2021 and replaced with the Successor Solar Incentive (SuSI) Program.

Robert Pohlman, vice president of NJR Clean Energy Ventures (CEV), which now owns the Millburn project and partnered with the developer early on, said the BPU’s decision to increase the incentive above other types of solar initiatives shows the agency’s support for the project and the merits of siting solar panels on water.

The panels typically sit on a floating platform kept in place by cables connected to the bottom of a reservoir, lake or other body of water.

“It’s a beneficial use of property and locations and space that would otherwise not be used to generate renewable energy,” he said. “Any time we can leverage sites like this, we are interested in it.”

Completed in December, the project is fully operational and provides most of the electricity needed to run the treatment plant, he said.

Global Potential

The award comes as the concept of floating solar panels on bodies of water — sometimes called floatovoltaics — got a boost from a new study published in March that concluded that floating solar projects on reservoirs present a “huge potential” for generating clean energy worldwide.

Researchers from Sweden, China, Switzerland, Thailand and the U.S. studied databases of reservoirs worldwide and concluded that more than 114,000 of them could be used, potentially generating 9,434 TWh a year. That could help 6,256 communities become self-sufficient, according to the study, which said the number of floating solar projects is accelerating and could reach 4.8 GW worldwide by 2026. In addition, the presence of the panels reduces evaporation, conserving water, the study said.

“Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems on reservoirs are advantageous over traditional ground-mounted solar systems in terms of land conservation, efficiency improvement and water loss reduction,” the study concluded.

A 2019 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) report, which described itself as the first assessment of floating solar potential in the U.S., said that with 24,419 man-made water bodies in the country, floating solar could “produce almost 10% of current national generation.” A side benefit, the report concluded, is that many of the water bodies are in areas where electricity prices are high and land is expensive, making land-based solar development difficult.

New Jersey has four floating solar projects, including the newly approved Canoe Brook project, totaling about 18 MW, according to the BPU. A small, 112 kw project was developed at another reservoir at the American Water Canoe Brook Water Treatment Plant and a 3.3 MW project sits on a sand and gravel pit in Jackson.

The 8.9 MW project in Millburn will be the largest floating solar project in the country, and the state now has “more floating solar capacity than the rest of North America combined,” said BPU spokesperson Peter Peretzman.

“Installing this expanding technology on bodies of water avoids use of agricultural and open land and can be an important component in meeting the state’s clean energy goals,” he said.

Higher Cost, Smaller Footprint

Solar Renewable Energy LLC (SRE), of Mechanicsburg, Pa., the developer of the Millburn floating solar project, also assembled a 4.4 MW array on a retention pond in Sayreville, New Jersey in 2020. The two projects are now owned by CEV, the renewable energy subsidiary of New Jersey Resources (NYSE: NJR).

With more than 12,700 solar panels, the Sayreville project covers about 12 acres of the 71-acre pond, and sells the electricity to the Borough of Sayreville, providing all the energy needed to run the borough water treatment plant, according to a release by CEV.

A letter submitted to the BPU by Douglas Berry, CEO of Solar Renewable Partners, and two other companies involved in the Millburn project, said the Sayreville project showed the “technology and siting advantages [that] floating solar provides versus traditional ground mount system,” and so the similarly designed Millburn project deserved the top incentive of $152/MWh.

The Sayreville project cost 48% more to develop than “traditional” ground-mount systems, the letter said, arguing that floating solar projects in general should be granted the “preferred siting” incentive rate. Other project supporters say the project footprint is “approximately 25% smaller than that of a comparable ground mount array,” representing a more productive use of land, according to the BPU order that set the initial incentive level of the Millburn project at $91.20/MWh and allowed the developer to petition for an increase.

CEV claims that the Millburn project will be the largest floating solar project in the U.S., a description it previously used for the Sayreville project. Whether that is true is difficult to tell; the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) said it doesn’t track floating solar development.

The Millburn project will provide about 95% of the power needed to run the treatment facility. In arguing for the top-end incentive, New Jersey American Water said that putting solar on water preserves open space and farmland “while simultaneously improving the health of the water body by providing shade that reduces evaporation and algae growth,” according to the order.

Pohlman said floating solar projects also improve the efficiency of solar panels.

“The function of the water being close to the panels does have a cooling effect and allows the projects to operate more efficiently,” he said. “The water being there cools the panels down, and they work more efficiently when they’re cooler. If the panels get too hot, they’re not operating at their highest efficiency.”

Asked if the company is looking to acquire any other floating solar projects, Pohlman said he did not want to discuss the company’s pipeline but said their ownership of the two existing projects has been positive and a learning experience.

“We are seeing more opportunities of this type, and you’re starting to see them pop up around the country,” he said. “You are definitely starting to see the industry look at it and take a much harder look than they have in the past. These projects are testaments to that.”

March 27, 2023

FERC Approves Greenlink Nevada Incentives

FERC last week approved a package of transmission rate incentives for NV Energy’s $2.5 billion Greenlink Nevada project (EL22-73).

The approved package includes the abandoned plant incentive, the regulatory asset incentive and the construction work in progress (CWIP) incentive, all of which are intended to encourage investment in transmission infrastructure.

Greenlink Nevada will consist of two cross-state transmission lines that, together with the existing One Nevada line, will form a transmission triangle around the state. Greenlink West, along the west side of the state, will be a 525-kV line from Las Vegas to Yerington. In Northern Nevada, Greenlink North will connect Ely to Yerington via a 525-kV line.

The expected in-service dates are December 2026 for Greenlink West and December 2028 for Greenlink North.

NV Energy said Greenlink will improve reliability and provide access to renewable energy zones in the state. It will also encourage regional transmission expansion and facilitate Western energy market development, the company said in its petition seeking the incentives, filed in June.

But as NV Energy’s largest-ever transmission investment, “Greenlink Nevada presents significant financial and regulatory risks and challenges,” the petition said.

Under the abandoned plant incentive, NV Energy can apply to recover costs if it abandons the Greenlink project because of factors outside of its control. The Public Utilities Commission of Nevada has approved the project, but it still needs additional approvals at the federal, state and local levels, the company noted.

“NV Energy has demonstrated that Greenlink Nevada faces certain regulatory, environmental and siting risks that are beyond NV Energy’s control and that could lead to the project’s abandonment,” the commission said in granting the incentive. “Approval of the abandoned plant incentive will address those risks.”

The regulatory asset incentive will allow NV Energy to recover costs that it incurs before Greenlink Nevada goes into operation. The commission also granted the utility’s request to include 100% of the CWIP for the Greenlink project in its rate base.

NV Energy said the incentives will help ease strain on the company’s cash flow and potentially reduce project costs. The CWIP incentive will also reduce the “rate shock” that could occur if the entire project cost was added to rates when Greenlink Nevada goes into service, the company said.

Several parties objected to NV Energy’s incentive request. The Nevada Bureau of Consumer Protection said construction of Greenlink was mandated by Senate Bill 448 of the state’s 2021 legislative session, and therefore incentives aren’t needed to encourage NV Energy to build it.

MGM/Caesars said the incentives are duplicative and would increase costs and risks to customers.

But the commission said the package of incentives had been tailored to address NV Energy’s risks and challenges for Greenlink Nevada. And SB 448 doesn’t require NV Energy to build Greenlink — only to submit a plan for its development, the commission said.

Commissioner Mark Christie supported the incentive package but wrote a concurrence reiterating concerns he has expressed previously about the incentives. (See FERC Approves Transmission Incentives for Dayton Power.)

Under the CWIP incentive, consumers serve as a utility’s de facto lender, Christie said, and with the abandoned plant incentive, consumers become the insurer of last resort.

Christie has called for the commission to revisit the incentives offered to transmission developers.

March 27, 2023

Mich. PSC OKs Higher Outage Credits, Stricter Requirements for Restoring Power

Michigan utility customers who suffer lengthy power outages will automatically receive credits of $35 daily instead of having to apply to for a one-time credit of $25 under new rules unanimously approved by the Michigan Public Service Commission Friday (U-20629).

The credits will be effective after 96 hours (four days) during “catastrophic” conditions, defined as a utility having 10% or more of its customers without power; after 48 hours during “gray sky” conditions affecting between 1% and 10% of customers, and after 16 hours during normal conditions.

The order, approved at the March 24 PSC meeting, also reduces the required times for restoring long-duration outages; reduces the amount of time first responders must guard downed wires until they’re relieved by a utility line worker; updates reliability standards to ensure Michigan’s performance indicators match industry guidelines; and establishes annual reporting requirements for rural electric cooperatives and investor-owned utilities.

Also approved Friday was an order directing utilities and cooperatives to improve outage reporting and setting requirements for reporting on their cybersecurity programs (U-20630).

Spokespersons for both of Michigan’s largest utilities, CMS Energy (NYSE: CMS) and DTE Energy (NYSE: DTE), said the companies would comply with the new orders.

DTE’s Peter Ternes said the utility had been anticipating the rules and on its own had instituted a credit for customers following the first major ice storm that hit state residents in February.

CMS Energy’s Brian Wheeler said the company supported the changes. “We remain committed to strengthening our grid in order to reduce the length and number of outages,” Wheeler said.

Three major ice and snow storms that hit Michigan over several weeks in February and early March left almost 1 million customers without power, most of them in DTE and CMS territory. Some customers were without power for more than one week.

Another major wind storm hit the state on March 25, knocking out power to several thousand customers.

The new rules will not affect customers who lost power in the three previous storms.

Under the previous outage rules, a customer had to be without power for at least five days before they could apply for a one-time $25 credit. The new $35 credits will be indexed to the rate of inflation.

PSC Chair Dan Scripps said the increased credit was an improvement but acknowledged it may not wholly restore a customer for the cost of lost food, medicine or other inconveniences. (See PSC Chair Says Michigan Grid ‘Nowhere it Needs to Be’.)

Commissioner Katherine Peretick said the commissioners were grateful Michigan residents came forward at recent public hearings to describe what they had to endure. “We know we have a lot more work to do,” she said.

The PSC also announced it had created two new webpages, one dealing with distribution system reliability metrics (featuring information on state utility outages) and a website helping customers prepare for possible outages.

March 27, 2023December 10, 2023

PJM Chief: Retirements Need to Slow down

WASHINGTON — PJM needs to slow the pace of generation retirements to avoid reliability problems by the end of the decade, CEO Manu Asthana told the Electric Power Supply Association last week.

In a keynote address to EPSA’s Competitive Power Summit on March 21, Asthana said PJM faces increasing loads from electrification and data center growth and that new supply resources have not kept pace with retirements because of clogged interconnection queues, siting obstacles and supply chain constraints.

“I think the math is pretty straightforward,” Asthana said. “I think we need to add [supply resources] faster … but I also think we need to subtract slower and subtract generation only when the replacement generation is here at scale. I really think that’s critical.”

In February, PJM’s Board of Managers invoked an accelerated stakeholder process to address the potential generation shortfall, which the RTO outlined in a staff white paper.

PJM currently has 190 GW of installed capacity to serve its 150-GW peak load, “a very healthy reserve margin,” Asthana said.

But by 2030, PJM expects its data center load could rise to 10 to 15 GW in addition to increasing loads from electrification of heating and transportation.

The RTO forecasts at least 40 GW of generation is at risk of retirement by 2030. “So … suddenly, that 150-GW/190-GW reserve margin starts to look really not enough by 2030,” Asthana said.

Most of the retirements are expected because of state and federal environmental and climate policies.

“Policy reasons are harder to reverse. It’s not that you can send a market price signal that will necessarily override policy signals,” Asthana said. “It is worth noting, though, that several of our states have worked with us to put reliability offramps in place for their policies.”

New Jersey will allow generators to seek an extension of CO₂ compliance deadlines if a unit shutdown would impact grid reliability. Illinois officials will allow generators to seek limited, temporary exceptions to the emissions ceiling in the Climate & Equitable Jobs Act “if they are deemed necessary to maintain the reliability of the Bulk Electric System.”

Asthana said PJM is attempting to solve the challenge by streamlining its interconnection process, fine-tuning capacity accreditations of resources and considering changes to the capacity market.

Having won FERC approval for its revised queue procedures, Asthana said PJM is working “feverishly” to hire additional staff and consultants and automating processes to increase its interconnection throughput. “I’m not sure that’s going to be enough,” he said, citing “supply chain pressure” and siting issues.

Although the RTO has 260 GW of proposed resources in its queue, last year less than 2 GW was added to the system. “When you do the math — when you look at the rate of retirements, you look at the rate of growth, and you add in the current rate of throughput for our queue — we are headed for some trouble. And that trouble is likely to find us later in this decade,” Asthana said.

Increasing Winter Risks

Asthana said the stakeholder process is focused on the capacity market, including modeling the RTO’s increasing reliability risks in winter and whether changes are needed to the Capacity Performance (CP) construct.

The week before, PJM had presented the Resource Adequacy Senior Task Force a preliminary proposal to overhaul its capacity market. The RTO said its proposal would improve modeling, resource accreditation, testing and market power mitigation rules. (See PJM, Stakeholders Present Initial Capacity Market Proposals to RASTF.)

CP, which increased performance bonuses and nonperformance penalties, was initiated in response to widespread outages during the 2014 polar vortex. Yet during the bitter cold over the Christmas weekend last year, one-third of gas-fired generation in the RTO’s Northeast was unable to operate because of inadequate winterization, Asthana said.

“We had actually asked this question of the gas industry after Winter Storm Uri in Texas around our vulnerability in our region to that sort of freeze-off. And I think we and the gas industry believed that actually we were adequately weatherized up in the Northeast. And it turns out, we encountered a condition for which we were not ready,” he said.

PJM expects to issue at least $1 billion in CP penalties over the generation outages. (See PJM Weighs Options for Winter Storm Elliott Follow-up.)

“I think it’s appropriate for us to ask ourselves is that [CP] penalty structure correct [for] the future? Did it achieve what it needed to achieve? Do we need to make modifications to it? And also, I think it’s appropriate to ask, is the risk that capacity suppliers are taking on as a result of their capacity commitment and that capacity penalty structure — are they able to pass that through in their offers?”

Asthana dismissed suggestions that PJM’s challenges require abandoning competitive markets. “I know there are voices out there that are using this opportunity to say, ‘Hey, are markets actually the right tool to do this? And I think that drumbeat is going to just continue, because there are a lot of people that have entrenched positions against markets,” he said.

“I would submit to you [that] every grid operator in the world is struggling with these questions, whether they are markets-based, whether they are not markets-based. And in fact, within PJM, we have vertically integrated utilities; we’ve got restructured utilities; we’ve got a whole mix of participants, who have all benefited from our market structure that we have collectively put in place and nurtured over the last 25 years. And the evidence is strong that there are billions of dollars of efficiency [obtained] through the power of competitive markets. And so, I encourage everyone to remember that as we think about the future and think about designing the changes to our markets. They’re complex, but very, very necessary, and very, very worth it.”

EPSA CEO Todd Snitchler, who led a question-and-answer session after Asthana’s speech, said PJM’s challenges are “a five-day-a-year problem. It’s not a 365-day-a-year problem. But it’s mission-critical when it happens.”

Snitchler noted that PJM’s 13-state footprint includes states such as Maryland and New Jersey, which have adopted aggressive climate policies, and fossil fuel-producing states such as Ohio and Pennsylvania. Does PJM tailor its message based on the audience, he asked?

No, said Asthana, describing the RTO as “the interested truth teller.”

“We’re interested in reliability; we’re interested in helping our states achieve their decarbonization objectives as well, but doing it reliably,” he said. “So we try to say the same thing … regardless of who we’re talking to.

“We don’t have different messages for different audiences. That would not work, because they talk to each other.”

March 27, 2023

WECC Report Reviews State of the Western Interconnection

Among the topics covered by WECC’s State of the Interconnection (SOTI) report released Friday, one subject stands out for its immediacy: the impact of extreme natural events on the Western grid.

WECC organizes the annual report to highlight its stakeholder-selected reliability risk priorities, which currently include cybersecurity, natural events, resource adequacy, and the impact of changing resources and customer loads on the bulk power system (BPS).

And while growing cybersecurity risks get play across the NERC-led ERO Enterprise, the SOTI makes clear that climate threats are still paramount in the Western Interconnection.

“Last year, the West experienced extreme weather ranging from heat waves and dry spells to extreme winter storms and atmospheric rivers. The frequency, duration and seasons of extreme events have increased over the last 40 years,” WECC said in the report.

The interconnection last year registered 40 reportable reliability events, according to the SOTI, up from 33 in 2021 and tying 2019. WECC said such events have increased in severity over the past four years, based on NERC’s severity risk index (SRI), which “measures the severity of daily conditions based on the combined impact of load loss, loss of generation and loss of transmission on the BPS,” according to NERC.

Among last year’s events were 10 Level 3 energy emergency alerts (EEA-3), nine of which occurred during a late summer heat wave over Aug. 30 to Sept. 10.

“The average duration of the EEA-3s in 2022 was more than 200 minutes, exceeding the average duration for EEA alerts in previous years by almost double,” the report noted.

Last summer’s heat wave also saw the Western Interconnection set a new electricity demand record of 167,530 MW on Sept. 6, exceeding WECC’s peak forecast of 164,650 MW and smashing the previous record of 162,017 MW set in August 2020. The report notes that 1,000 cities in the West saw temperature records fall during the heat wave, with afternoon highs reaching 15 to 30 degrees above historical averages.

Although not detailed in the SOTI, the West averted even higher demand — and rolling blackouts — last summer through California’s emergency measures, which included heavy use of industrial demand response and last-minute calls for residents to consume less electricity during periods of peak usage. (See California Runs on Fumes but Avoids Blackouts.)

The report notes that 22,581 wildfires burned 3.3 million acres across the West last year, with 31 of those affecting the BPS between January and July, down from 70 such fires in 2021.

“There is no strong correlation between wildfire number or severity and risk to the BPS. This is largely because fire location is the dominant driver of risk to BPS elements,” the report said.

The SOTI also highlighted the impact of drought and long-term aridification on the Western grid, with the latter having severely reduced water levels of the reservoirs behind hydroelectric dams on the Colorado River system, with Lake Powell, impounded by the 1,320-MW Glen Canyon Dam, at its lowest level since being filled in the 1960s.

While a series of atmospheric rivers this past winter have restored the reservoir levels supporting California’s extensive hydroelectric system, WECC offered a cautionary note.

“Despite record precipitation over the last few months, much of the West remains in a state of drought, although conditions have improved compared to a year ago,” the report said.

Dual Peaks

The SOTI addresses Western resource adequacy from the perspective of natural events and the changing resource mix. It notes that, over the last 50 years, the U.S. heat wave season has doubled from 34 to 73 days, and that grid planners are dealing with the dual challenges of higher loads in both summer and winter.

“While the Western Interconnection’s peak demand occurs in the summer, many entities are winter-peaking. As temperatures and extreme weather increase, some of these entities are becoming dual-peaking. This presents resource planning challenges for entities that have historically experienced one predominant peak,” the report said.

WECC pointed to a recent example: Just a year and a half after record-smashing heat in June 2021 produced record loads in the Pacific Northwest, a December 2022 cold front also caused record winter peak demand in the BC Hydro, Alberta Electric System Operator and Western Power Pool areas.

The SOTI pointed to a future Western resource mix that will be much less reliant on coal and nuclear generation by 2032 (with anticipated retirements of 13.4 GW and 1 GW, respectively), and more heavily dependent on solar (31.9 GW of new capacity), wind (9.2 GW) and natural gas (4.7 GW). WECC also projects the region will take on 18.3 GW of new battery storage over that period.

“Variability is a primary driver of resource adequacy challenges, and, based on data provided by entities for WECC’s Western Assessment, variability will increase,” WECC wrote. “Projections for maintaining resource adequacy depend on new resources coming online as planned, with little margin for delay. Factors such as supply chain disruption or siting delays can pose serious risks.”

The report pointed out that WECC and the ERO Enterprise have “focused heavily” on the emerging risks from inverter-based resources (IBRs) such as solar and wind.

“While solar-related IBR events decreased in 2022, battery storage — also inverter-based — is increasing, expanding the potential for increased IBR-related events,” the report stated.

The report also covers transmission-related developments over the past year, including final U.S. Department of the Interior approvals of the Gateway South transmission line across Wyoming, Colorado and Utah; the Ten West Link from Arizona to California; and two segments of the Gateway West project from Wyoming to Idaho.

WECC also points to other projects in the later phases of review or nearing approval, including Boardman-to-Hemingway in the Northwest, Greenlink in Nevada and SunZia in the Southwest.

“While these projects reflect progress, WECC studies show a growing risk associated with transmission availability, particularly regarding growing resource adequacy risks,” the report said.

March 27, 2023

Danly Addresses Capacity Auction Snafu at MISO Board Meeting

NEW ORLEANS — FERC Commissioner James Danly paid an unannounced visit to MISO’s Board of Directors meeting Thursday following a snag in the RTO’s new capacity accreditation process that will delay next month’s planned capacity auction.

Danly urged MISO’s leadership to “recommit” to market fundamentals. He said the grid operator must ensure that its prices incent resource adequacy and that it follows “steady, deliberate” changes to its tariff.

MISO will experience high capacity prices when scarcity conditions are present, Danly said.

“As the old saying goes, the solution to high prices is high prices,” he said.

FERC issued a show-cause order to the RTO on March 17, directing it to recalculate a systemwide capacity ratio used to validate accreditation values for planning resources or explain why it shouldn’t have to (EL23-46).

MISO said it will recalculate seasonal accredited capacity ratios but doing so will likely delay its first four-season auction. Its original unforced capacity to seasonal accredited capacity ratio erroneously counted some previously excused planned outages against some generators’ availability. (See FERC Order May Delay MISO’s 1st Seasonal Capacity Auction.)

Danly discouraged MISO from “chopping and changing” its market design, saying reactionary alterations make it “rationally impossible” for market participants to respond to and prepare for structural changes. He said his advice extended to other grid operators.

MISO told RTO Insider after the meeting that Danly’s appearance was coordinated weeks prior between it and FERC, though it did not tell stakeholders he was coming. The RTO said that as a rule, it does not place addresses from FERC commissioners on its meeting agendas. It also said that when it scheduled Danly’s visit, it had nothing to do with its seasonal capacity auction. However, Danly’s remarks focused exclusively on the capacity market.

MISO CEO John Bear said staff will ensure stakeholders have enough time to understand the recalculated ratio and how it affects thermal resources’ accreditation before running the auction.

The recalculated ratios are expected to result in “reduced accreditation values for individual market participants and on an aggregate basis,” MISO says.

Entergy and other market participants have warned that smaller capacity values for their units may cause shortfalls in some MISO zones for certain seasons. (See FERC Denies Exemption Requests from MISO Accreditation Rule.)

During an Advisory Committee meeting Wednesday, Jim Dauphinais, an energy consultant representing multiple MISO end-use customers, said it’s important that the grid operator back up and make sure it’s using correct values in the auction. He said that while it was “unfortunate” how it played out, FERC’s order and subsequent delay illustrates how untested market changes can cause disruptions when systems and people aren’t prepared.

“Quite frankly, we don’t know if our seasonal construct is working,” Dauphinais said.

March 26, 2023

NC Utilities Commission Approves New Net-metering Rules for Duke

The North Carolina Utilities Commission on Thursday largely approved Duke Energy’s (NYSE:DUK) proposal to update its net energy metering (NEM) rules for residential rooftop solar customers that is meant to end cross-subsidization caused by the old payment system.

The utility’s proposal had the support of renewable energy trade groups including the Solar Energy Industries Association and the North Carolina Sustainable Energy Association, but the proposal still drew some opposition because of the new charges it will place on NEM customers starting in 2027.

The process to update the rules took several years and responds to a pair of laws. HB 589, passed in 2017, required that payments to NEM customers not lead to any cross-subsidization from other residential customers who do not own solar panels and that Duke do a study, on which it based its proposal, on the costs and benefits of the program.

HB 951, passed in 2021, is intended to support renewable generation as a means of cutting carbon emissions from utilities and required the NCUC to evaluate and modify NEM rates as needed.

Duke’s study found cross subsidies of $25 to $30/month in its Carolinas (DEC) territory and $35 to $40/month in its Progress (DEP) territory.

The main mechanism to deal with those is a new minimum monthly bill of $22 for DEC and $28 for DEP. Larger solar facilities above 15 kW represent the biggest opportunity for under-recovery of fixed costs so such customers will be billed $1.50/kW-month in DEP, while customers in DEC will have to pay $2.05/kW-month.

Duke will also start charging NEM customers non-bypassable charges to recover costs for programs such as demand-side management and efficiency, securitized storm costs, and similar charges that are approved by the NCUC for recovery through riders that are not dependent on energy use.

The commission found that the minimum bill, the charge for larger solar panels and the non-bypassable charges are all key to ensuring that NEM customers do not benefit from cross subsidies, but it required changes to the other proposals in the package.

Duke will have to change its initial proposal on how to net exports from customers with their imports from the grid during critical peak pricing (CPP) periods when demand is highest. Duke initially would not have netted exports when CPP is in effect, but the commission directed it to net exports and imports during such hours.

The NCUC also rejected Duke’s proposal to pay NEM exports at its approved avoided-cost rates that it pays qualifying facilities under the federal Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act. That would have locked in the rates for a decade, and the commission agreed to its staff’s suggestion that NEM avoided costs be based on avoided-cost proceedings it holds every two years.

Duke has historically retained renewable energy credits produced by its customers’ generators eligible for NEM, but customers will now keep them when the new NEM rates go into effect.

While pairing storage with solar is increasingly common, that technology was not dealt with at all in the rule changes. The NCUC said more “field testing and experimentation” would help to set up rules for compensating solar plus storage.

March 26, 2023

MISO Winter Recap Centers on December Emergency

NEW ORLEANS — MISO’s annual winter lookback focused almost exclusively on operations during the widespread Dec. 23 deep freeze, with staff vowing to work on emergency coordination with their neighbors and digging into why the RTO was asked to shrink flows on its Midwest-South transmission transfer.

“So, a difficult quarter,” MISO Independent Market Monitor David Patton said as he began his postmortem before the Board of Directors’ Markets Committee March 21.

Patton said had it not been for the winter storm, real-time energy prices would have been down 11% year-over-year. Instead, they were up by 15% at $47.60/MWh.

Jessica Lucas, executive director of system operations, joked that Winter Storm Elliott was “the Christmas gift that no one wanted.” She said if the storm had lasted two full days, its “impacts could have been much more severe.”

Lucas said MISO consistently exported power to southern neighbors, including emergency energy to Tennessee Valley Authority, and complied with requests to reduce its Midwest-South transfers by 1,500 MW. The grid operator typically flows 3,000 MW south and 2,500 MW midwest over the connection.

MISO went into Dec. 23 with19 GW of unplanned outages from the day before. The grid operator was forced to call a maximum generation event, calling up emergency resources as it also exported energy to neighbors. (See MISO Defends Energy Exports During December Storm; MISO Data Show Steep Gas-fired Outages During Winter Storm.)

Lucas said fuel issues played a significant role in gas-fired generation outages, with multiple units unable to start. She also said the gas market was on holiday, complicating matters and preventing generation owners from buying additional fuel. She said “strong wind performance” kept operations afloat.

“MISO maintained reliability across the footprint with no interruptions,” she said.

When asked how operations performed during the storm, Renuka Chatterjee, vice president of operations, said the phrase that comes to mind is “dodging a bullet.”

“The only difference between this and Winter Storm Uri was the wind output,” she said.

Patton said it’s “boggling” that gas markets are allowed to close for weekends and holidays.

“The fact that gas doesn’t trade on a weekend is hard to understand … We can’t shut our markets down on a weekend,” he said.

Patton said MISO lost two 1 GW generators on either side of the regional connection almost simultaneously as the RTO’s neighbors asked it to dial down the transfer constraint’s flows.

Lingering Questions on Transfer Reduction

Patton said MISO needs to understand why its neighbors needed the transfer’s cutback.

“We’ve been asking our neighbors about the situation to cut, and we haven’t heard anything,” Patton said. He added, “This has nothing to do with MISO’s shortcomings.”

He said with more information from its neighbors, the RTO might be able to manually redispatch generation before taking more dramatic steps.

Patton said the many gas generation outages from units without backup fuel shows the importance of MISO accrediting capacity on the margins. He said a marginal aspect in capacity accreditation isn’t meant to single out only renewable generation. (See MISO Accreditation Impasse Persists at Workshop.)

JOAs with Neighboring Systems?

Patton also said the “massive exports or wheels through MISO” during the storm means the grid operator should more clearly define how it expects its control room staff to react during widespread emergencies in the Eastern Interconnection.

He said the RTO and its neighbors need joint operating agreements that “specify what you can expect from us and specify what we can expect from them.”

“Typically, you should never shed load to protect non-firm exports,” Patton told the board.

Less than a month earlier, Patton advocated that the system operator sign JOAs with its neighbors. He said procedures should cover a “slew of deliveries” that operators can take in risky situations.

“I’m shocked that NERC doesn’t require RTOs to have joint operating agreements across all the major seams,” he said during the Gulf Coast Power Association’s MISO/SPP conference in early March.

Patton said some MISO market participants will see bills reaching “tens of millions” because of prices during the storm, partly because of its actions to help its neighbors.

“When you don’t have joint operating agreements … it’s really hard to see good interregional collaboration on a forward, or a planning basis,” he said.

Jennifer Curran, senior vice president of planning and operations, agreed that MISO and neighboring systems should determine coordination frameworks.

Director Robert Lurie said it was “interesting” that the RTO was able to keep exporting power while in emergency procedures. He said the storm shows the importance of interregional flows and managing constraints.

“First, I want to say that all things considered, you did a remarkable job,” Director Phyllis Currie told executives.

She asked whether staff could collaborate with its neighbors before facing emergency procedures. Chatterjee said they held a conference call with PJM soon after the storm and that it is interested in creating a specialty market product with MISO for use during emergencies.

Southern Renewable Energy Association’ executive director, Simon Mahan, said Winter Storm Elliott showed that fossil fuel generation “is just as susceptible to the weather as wind energy or solar energy.”

Mahan said MISO’s exports during the storm indicates that the grid operator should redouble its efforts to plan interregional transmission.

Under “blue sky” conditions, he said, sturdier interregional links are a more efficient way to operate the Eastern Interconnection.

“Those same connections are literally a lifeline in extreme weather events. MISO needs to work with its neighbors to expand its regional transmission planning efforts outside of MISO and better connect MISO North with MISO South,” Mahan argued. “It can probably be said, and without exaggeration, that MISO’s actions saved lives during Winter Storm Elliott. But it still wasn’t enough to completely prevent the blackouts [in Duke Carolinas’ territory and TVA].”

Mahan said grid planners can underestimate the value of interregional transmission “because we don’t have a perfect way to calculate the true value of a warm meal or a hot shower.”

March 26, 2023December 10, 2023

FERC Approves PJM Proposal to Reduce Congestion Penalty During Grid Upgrades

FERC last week approved a PJM proposal to allow it to reduce the transmission constraint penalty factor (TCPF) under a set of circumstances that the RTO argued becomes punitive to load without providing any benefit (ER23-918).

The tariff and Operating Agreement revisions allow the factor to be reduced when localized transmission congestion is caused by the construction of upgrades — and the necessary deactivation of certain lines — that were either part of PJM’s Regional Transmission Expansion Plan (RTEP) process or to interconnect a generator. The TCPF would be reduced from its default of $2,000/MWh to a level that reflects the offers from resources available to address the congestion.

Given that the TCPF’s purpose is to incentivize generation or transmission solutions to congestion, PJM argued that when congestion is caused by upgrades that will resolve the issue upon their completion, it is unrealistic to expect a short-term investment to address the situation, and the penalty factors can become counterproductive. PJM stated that the average line outage caused by upgrades lasts an average of 211 days.

“Where a transmission facility is taken out of service altogether due to an RTEP or interconnection upgrade, however, long-term price signals reflecting the default ($2,000/MWh) transmission constraint penalty factor cap do not serve the intended purpose given that the transmission upgrade currently under construction will mitigate these issues,” PJM Director of Energy Market Operations Philip D’Antonio said in an affidavit.

FERC approved a PJM request to remove the TCPF in Virginia’s Northern Neck peninsula after one of the three transmission lines into the region was placed on an outage for upgrades. The tariff and OA revisions were limited to that region, but the commission encouraged PJM to “consider modifications to its analyses of and planning for transmission outages to prevent such occurrences in the future.” (See FERC Approves Pause of PJM Tx Constraint Penalty Factor in Va.)

The PJM Markets and Reliability Committee approved the revisions during its Nov. 16, 2022, meeting. (See “TCPF Adjustments Permitted for Issues with Ongoing Solution,” PJM MRC Briefs: Nov. 16, 2022.)

DC Energy submitted comments to the proposal asking that the commission condition any approval on requiring that PJM provide market participants notice of any changes to the TCPF, as well as the specific outage, facilities and constraints prompting the reduction.

The Independent Market Monitor objected to the proposal, arguing that it lacks a verifiable process for PJM to follow when implementing the change and that no amount of data can be made available to provide the transparency needed to ensure that the RTO is applying the rules consistently. The IMM asked the commission to reject the filing and require PJM to create new rules that more accurately reflect transmission operating limits and forward-looking dispatch tools.

The Monitor also said that PJM and the commission should be eliminating instances in which the RTO has the discretion to set prices, in this case by choosing a marginal unit and modifying the TCPF to set LMPs. In the case of transmission upgrades that might cause congestion, the Monitor argued that transmission operators should create practices that ensure reliability throughout construction.

FERC said that PJM’s tariff already contains language requiring the notifications sought by DC Energy. It also sided with PJM over the Monitor, agreeing with the RTO that the proposal would not grant it considerable discretion and that it would only be allowed to reduce penalty factors in the specific circumstances outlined.