Contentious Commentary on Zero-Emissions Path in NY

As the New York Public Service Commission probably already knew when it requested comments on “zero emissions,” everybody has their own solution to save the world — and it often aligns closely with their income stream.

The answers to a series of PSC questions in case 15-E-0302 on the theory and execution of zero emissions in the state drew a wide range of responses.

The PSC in May formally recognized what others have been warning about for some time: The preferred renewable technologies now available at scale — wind and solar — may not be enough for the state to meet its statutory goals for the clean energy transition. (See NY Renewable Portfolio May Come up Short on Getting to Net Zero.)

The landmark Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act of 2019 mandates 70% renewable energy by 2030 and a zero-emissions grid by 2040.

As state leaders point out, accurately and frequently, New York has a robust pipeline of renewables in development. But what they don’t highlight is that the pipeline is flowing slowly, with numerous project delays and cancellations, as well as spiraling costs.

Perhaps more importantly, no renewable technology has been identified to keep the lights on when the wind doesn’t blow and the sun doesn’t shine in a state increasingly reliant on electricity.

So the PSC is looking for other ways to reinforce the power portfolio, potentially including renewable natural gas, nuclear fission and hydrogen — none of which are supported by the progressive activists and environmental advocates who are helping push New York’s energy transition.

The commission requested public input on decisions that may direct billions in spending and impact millions of New Yorkers. It received comments from dozens of stakeholders before the comment period ended last week.

Push And Pull

As one would expect, the answers covered a spectrum of possibilities.

Labor unions urged the PSC to choose the options that best protect their members and the planet.

Gas utilities said they’re ready to heat and power the state with climate-friendly gas, be it RNG or hydrogen.

Environmentalists decried any rush to unravel the CLCPA, such as by burning RNG or hydrogen.

A developer with wind power, energy storage and transmission projects in the works said more renewables, more storage and more transmission are needed.

Progressives demanded continued focus on the disadvantaged communities that have been breathing elevated levels of fossil fuel emissions for decades.

The waste management industry wants RNG extracted from landfills and the dairy industry wants RNG extracted from cow poop. An RNG trade organization wants both.

New York City, with a poverty rate 47% higher than the national average, supports decarbonizing the grid but wants someone other than its residents to pay to do it.

Nuclear power generation must expand. No, it must halt!

National Grid — whose utilities serve more than 2.5 million natural gas customers statewide and are facing a huge if not existential threat from the campaign for zero emissions — advocated for continued use of gas. It also questioned the very concept of zero emissions.

“‘Zero emissions’ as used in this section of the law cannot be defined literally, as very few sources of energy have literally zero GHG emissions associated with their production and use throughout their life cycle,” National Grid wrote.

It also parsed the language of the law to conclude that “zero emissions” must not exclusively mean “renewable energy systems.”

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, which is administering the clean energy transition in New York, provided a two-page comment that at once was among the broadest and most succinct of all submitted.

In summary, NYSERDA said New York needs to identify the appropriate resources to meet the grid’s 2040 needs, refine the cost and performance estimates, further evaluate their emissions, find a place to site them, calculate impacts on disadvantaged communities, factor in demand response and storage, incorporate any future nuclear or 100-hour storage technology yet to be perfected, then integrate all this with existing resources.

Comments

A cross-section of these comments is excerpted and summarized below:

The Energy Justice Alliance said the state’s climate targets and its most urgent environmental justice challenges can be met only through retiring fossil fuel generation in an orderly and just manner. It urged stakeholder and public input before selecting any nonrenewable resources. It said alternatives such as RNG, green hydrogen biofuels, carbon capture and advanced nuclear technology were recommended in the Climate Action Council Scoping Plan for only limited and strategic use, to be considered only after rigorous review.

U.S Plumbers and Steamfitters Local 22 urged an expanded, inclusive definition of “zero emissions energy sources” as anything that does not lead to a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions in the process of generating electricity. Clean hydrogen should be recognized as fitting the bill, it said.

Constellation Energy Generation, owner of the state’s nuclear fleet, said all types of nuclear technology should be included in the definition of “zero emissions.” One of its New York nukes recently began sustained generation of pink hydrogen in a pilot project; Constellation said hydrogen combustion will be a valuable part of the puzzle.

The supervisor of the town of Scriba, home to two of the nukes, urged the PSC to formally recognize nuclear fission as a zero-emission resource.

The Alliance for a Green Economy said it’s deeply concerned about the environmental, human health and financial implications of including nuclear power in a definition of zero emissions — which it is not, because it emits radiation.

Nuclear New York said nuclear power should be the backbone of the state’s future emissions-free energy system, not the backup, adding that the state itself found that adding 4 GW of nuclear generation would eliminate the need for 12 GW in intermittent renewables and 5 GW of storage.

In a joint comment, the Sierra Club and Earthjustice advocated for strict and literal interpretation of “zero emissions” — no pollutant emissions. That rules out hydrogen, RNG, carbon capture and sequestration, biomass and, under some circumstances, demand response. They did not mention nuclear power, a longtime target of the Sierra Club.

The New York State AFL-CIO and the New York State Building & Construction Trades Council, umbrella groups for unions representing 2.7 million people, said the PSC must prioritize maintenance and creation of good union jobs while maintaining service and limiting price increases. They indicated support for the broader definition of “zero emissions.”

A collection of 43 environmental and progressive organizations jointly commented that while it was good the PSC is looking for strategies beyond wind and solar to meet the zero-emissions mandate, technology may advance in the coming decade, and it’s premature to create policies now to avert a resource gap in 2040. There is no “need to water down” the CLCPA’s targets, they said.

NYISO urged that “zero emission” be defined to allow as many technologies as possible to qualify. It noted that increasing transmission and increasing generation will not by themselves fully solve the problem of insufficient resources. The technologies that would solve the problem are not available, and it’s unknown when they will be.

Plug Power, a New York-based generator of green hydrogen and manufacturer of hydrogen technology, said the PSC should fully support and incentivize the full suite of existing and emerging green hydrogen applications. In fact, the PSC should establish a new tier in the state’s Clean Energy Standard for zero emissions resources, with an emphasis on green hydrogen, and help jump-start investment in hydrogen infrastructure.

PSC should expand the definition of net-zero “combustion turbines” to include reciprocating internal combustion engines, said Wartsila Energy, North America, whose parent company has deployed over 76 GW of reciprocating internal combustion engine power plants worldwide.

National Fuel Gas Distribution Corporation said a good definition of zero emission would be “systems other than renewable energy systems that generate electricity or thermal energy technologies that do not lead to a net increase in greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere.” And that should be construed to include RNG.

New York Transmission Owners stated electric system reliability must remain the paramount priority, coordination with NYISO is essential, an agnostic approach to technology is best and pilot programs will be helpful. And all of this must be done in a timely and deliberate fashion.

The PSC in May directed Department of Public Service staff to convene a technical conference on the matter.

August 20, 2023April 22, 2024

Commerce Department to Reimpose Tariffs on SE Asian Solar Manufacturers

The Commerce Department on Friday announced its final decision to impose tariffs on solar cells and panels imported from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, finding that some Chinese manufacturers are shipping their products through the four countries to avoid paying tariffs called “antidumping and countervailing duties” (AD/CVD).

Confirming a preliminary decision from December 2022, Friday’s ruling found that of eight companies operating in the countries, five “were attempting to avoid payment by completing minor processing in third countries, and that three companies were not circumventing.” The three noncircumventors are Hanwha Q CELLS and Jinko Solar, both with facilities in Malaysia, and Boviet Solar in Vietnam.

The circumventing companies are BYD Hong Kong and New East Solar in Cambodia; Canadian Solar and Trina Solar in Thailand; and Vina Solar in Vietnam. Other solar manufacturers in these countries, though not part of the official investigation, also were found to be circumventing.

Hanwha is the No. 1 panel provider in the U.S. market, according to industry analysts Wood Mackenzie, while Jinko, Canadian and Trina also are in the top 5, which in 2022 accounted for 50% of the U.S. market.

President Joe Biden declared a two-year moratorium on the tariffs in June 2022, which means the Commerce decision will not go into effect until June 2024. Following a congressional resolution seeking to roll back the moratorium in May, Biden also stated he does not intend to extend the moratorium. (See Biden Veto Upholds 2-year Moratorium on Solar Tariffs.)

No tariffs will be imposed on any solar imports from the four countries until June 2024, providing that any products from the four countries “are consumed in the U.S. market within six months” of the end of the moratorium, according to Commerce’s announcement.

“This provides U.S. solar importers with sufficient time to adjust supply chains and ensure that sourcing is not occurring from companies found to be violating U.S. law,” the department said.

The solar industry quickly criticized the decision, arguing that it undercuts the administration’s efforts to increase solar deployment as part of its fight against climate change.

The department’s investigation was based on a complaint from a U.S. solar manufacturer, Auxin Solar, that was “meritless from the beginning,” Abigail Ross Hopper, CEO of the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), said in a statement released Friday.

“The inquiries have caused uncertainty in the U.S. market at a time when solar energy is on the rise. The final affirmative determinations only perpetuate current supply problems, given the lack of adequate domestic supply of cells and modules,” Hopper said.

While noting that clean energy manufacturing incentives in the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) have driven a “$20 billion solar manufacturing renaissance” in the U.S., “it will take at least three to five years to ramp up domestic solar manufacturing capacity, and the global supply chain will be vital in the short term,” she said. “This case will just make it harder for American businesses to keep deploying, financing and installing solar power.”

Gregory Wetstone, CEO of the American Council on Renewable Energy, lamented that the Commerce decision comes just days after Biden had celebrated the first anniversary of the IRA at the White House. The decision “directly undermines Biden administration efforts to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy and address climate change,” Wetstone said. “The policy whiplash now being inflicted on the U.S. solar industry is incredibly disruptive and will only delay our nation’s clean energy progress.”

“Our collective focus should be on fostering smart policies that accelerate clean energy deployment nationwide,” said George Hershman, CEO of SOLV Energy, a utility-scale solar contractor. “Detrimental trade barriers like this one run counter to our efforts to meet deployment goals while the industry capitalizes on the incentives provided in the Inflation Reduction Act to boost domestic manufacturing and grow our national supply chain.”

Mamun Rashid, CEO of Auxin, previously has defended his company’s complaint to the Commerce Department, saying Chinese imports are an “existential” threat to its business, according to a CNN report.

“When prices of finished panels from Southeast Asia come in below our bill of materials cost, American manufacturers cannot compete,” Rashid said. “If foreign producers are circumventing U.S. law and causing harm to U.S. producers like Auxin Solar, it needs to be addressed.”

Carrots and Sticks

The Commerce decision highlights the conflict between the U.S. solar industry’s ambitious targets for market growth and its ongoing dependence on foreign — specifically Chinese — manufacturers for its key components.

A 2022 Energy Department report found that 97% of silicon wafers, an essential component of solar panels, are manufactured in China, and 75% of the silicon solar cells built into panels installed in the U.S. come from Malaysia, Thailand or Vietnam.

Also, the industry has been hobbled by the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (H.R. 6256), passed in 2021, which prohibits the import into the U.S. of any goods produced in China using forced labor. This year, U.S. Customs and Border Protection was holding a major backlog of solar imports under the law, hitting hard at solar developers and causing project delays, according to an Axios report.

Both sides of the aisle in Congress have been taking a harder line on China, and ClearView Energy Partners sees Friday’s decision as in line with Commerce’s “protectionist leanings … irrespective of political polarities.”

The department first slapped tariffs on Chinese solar panels in 2012, during the Obama administration, siding with U.S. solar companies that argued that Chinese companies, heavily subsidized by their government, were undercutting domestic manufacturers and dumping cheaper panels in the U.S. market. AD/CVD tariffs — from 31 to 250% at the time — were intended to level the playing field and spur the buildout of a domestic supply chain, they argued. (See Solar Industry Slams Commerce Decision Extending Solar Tariffs.)

Over the next decade, solar manufacturing migrated to Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, and U.S. tariffs failed to catalyze a homegrown supply chain. In 2018, President Donald Trump expanded the Chinese tariffs to the four Southeast Asian countries.

Biden decided in February 2022 to continue the tariffs but instituted the two-year moratorium after Commerce opened the investigation of the Auxin complaint. In an April 2023 policy statement, the White House said the moratorium was intended as “a short-term bridge to ensure there is a thriving U.S. solar installation industry ready to purchase the solar products that will be made in these American factories” built with incentives from the IRA.

Jason Grumet, CEO of the American Clean Power Association, said his organization has counted 52 new or expanded solar manufacturing facilities announced since passage of the IRA. But the majority of the announcements are for plants that will make panels or related system components, not the silicon wafers and cells to replace the Chinese supply chain.

Hanwha, a Korean company, announced in January it would invest $2.5 billion to expand its manufacturing capacity in the U.S. Similarly, Jinko is putting $52 million into expanding its U.S. plant in Jacksonville, Fla.

CubicPV, a U.S.-based company with backing from Bill Gates’ Breakthrough Energy Ventures, is planning a U.S. facility to produce wafers. NorSun, a Norwegian wafer and ingot manufacturer, also has announced plans for a 5-GW U.S. plant.

ClearView believes the U.S. solar industry will continue to have a lopsided supply chain even as the market continues to grow. SEIA estimated that the U.S. industry had about 7.5 GW per year of panel manufacturing capacity at the end of 2021, a figure that could triple by 2024 with incentives from the IRA, according to the White House.

But the Energy Information Administration is estimating solar deployments of more than 39 GW this year alone, which ClearView says will leave the industry still dependent on imports, with further help from Biden unlikely.

Writing ahead of Friday’s announcement, ClearView said, “The Biden administration may view new and expanded renewable power tax credits as sufficient ‘carrots’ to offset a possible affirmative AC/CVD circumvention determination ‘stick.’”

August 20, 2023November 9, 2023

CEC: California Renewable Use Rose Sharply in Past Decade

Natural gas made up the largest share of California’s electric generation mix in 2022, but solar is accounting for a growing percentage as the state works toward 100% clean energy by 2045.

The data are in a report the California Energy Commission (CEC) released Friday.

Natural gas accounted for 36% of the state’s overall power mix last year, which includes in-state electric generation plus imports from the Northwest and Southwest.

The second-largest share was from solar, at 17%, followed by wind at 11%. Nuclear power and large hydroelectric generation each contributed 9% to the state’s 2022 energy mix.

Fifty-four percent of the state’s total energy mix came from non-GHG and renewable sources in 2022, up from 52% in 2021.

CEC Vice Chair Siva Gunda called the findings “encouraging.”

“Even as climate impacts become increasingly severe, California remains committed to transitioning away from polluting fossil fuels and delivering on the promise to build a future power grid that is clean, reliable and affordable,” Gunda said in a statement.

California’s energy mix has changed markedly since 2012, when 43% of the total came from natural gas. Over the past decade, natural gas generation decreased 20%, to 104,495 GWh.

Meanwhile, solar generation has grown from 2,609 GWh in 2012, when it was less than 1% of the power mix, to 48,950 GWh last year.

Wind generation in California’s power mix grew by 63% since 2012. Coal has been nearly phased-out, the CEC said, contributing just 2% of the power mix in 2022.

Total utility-scale electric generation for California increased 3.4% in 2022, to 287,220 GWh. Twenty-nine percent of the power mix was from imports, about the same as in the previous two years.

Despite the decrease in natural-gas fueled power generation in California, some are calling for a faster phase-out. Looking just at in-state electricity generation, natural gas made up 47% of the total in 2022.

Advocacy groups including Regenerate California point to the disproportionate effect the gas-fueled plants have on disadvantaged communities.

And the group said gas “stands in the way” of the state meeting its target under Senate Bill 100 of 2018, which directs the CEC and other state agencies to plan for all retail electricity sales in California to come from renewable energy and zero-carbon resources by the end of 2045.

“As we power down California’s dirty fossil fuel infrastructure, this gives us the opportunity to create thousands of clean energy jobs and an entirely new system that transforms current and historic social injustices,” Regenerate California said on its website.

The issue of retiring gas plants boiled over this month at a CEC hearing, where the commission voted to keep three old gas-fired plants along the Southern California coast in operation for grid reliability. (See Calif. to Keep Old Gas Plants Operating for Reliability.)

August 20, 2023August 21, 2023

Counterflow: World of Hurt

Do you remember reading a couple years ago that the worldwide reduction in aerosol emissions^[1] would likely double the rate of global warming from what it’s been for the past 50 years?

Steve Huntoon | Steve Huntoon

No? Neither do I.

But there it was in Inside Climate News in September 2021.^[2] James Hansen, the Paul Revere of global warming since 1988, had a heretical warning. Aerosols have a climate cooling effect, and the reduction in aerosols is accelerating global warming. The headline wasn’t cryptic: “The Rate of Global Warming During Next 25 Years Could Be Double What it Was in the Previous 50, a Renowned Climate Scientist Warns.”^[3]

If you thought this warning of existential threat would have garnered worldwide media attention, you would be wrong. Instead, crickets.

This Summer

So here we are, two years later, setting new heat records. The aerosol cooling effect is diminishing relative to the warming effect of greenhouse gases.

Not that the reduction in aerosols like sulfur dioxide didn’t have a benefit. Aerosols are air pollutants estimated to kill several million people worldwide every year (although there are sources of aerosols other than fossil fuel combustion).^[4]

But what we didn’t recognize was the double-edged sword: These same aerosols have been offsetting a lot of the warming effect of GHGs.

What’s Going On

Please take a look at these charts of global carbon dioxide emissions and global sulfur dioxide emissions.^[5] See the difference?

Our World in Data

The difference in change between carbon dioxide and aerosol emissions is even more dramatic in places like PJM, as shown by this chart where the left axis is carbon dioxide and the right axis is aerosol emissions:^[6]

PJM system average emissions rates | PJM

As PJM summarizes: “From 2005 to 2022, carbon dioxide emission rates fell 37% across PJM’s footprint; emission rates for nitrogen oxides are down 87% and sulfur dioxide 95%.” Thus, carbon dioxide emissions have fallen less than half as much as aerosol emissions.

No Good Deed Goes Unpunished

The cooling effect isn’t small. Hansen and his colleagues think the cumulative cooling effect of aerosols has been offsetting about half the cumulative warming effect of GHGs, as this chart from their recent study shows:^[7]

| \”Global warming in the pipeline,\” by James E. Hansen, et al.

If you compare the red lines based on expected warming from paleoclimate and other records with actual warming, there is about a 1- to 1.5-degree Celsius gap in 2022. Hansen and his team attribute the gap to the cooling effect of aerosols.

Recent research, analyzing COVID-19 pandemic period data, suggests this even understates the relative effects of GHGs and aerosols on global warming.^[8]

The most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report does estimate an offsetting effect of aerosols, but it pegs the offset at only a quarter of the otherwise warming effect of GHGs.^[9] As the prior chart suggests, Hansen and his colleagues think the IPCC has greatly understated the aerosol effect: “Aerosol climate forcing is larger than the recent (AR6) IPCC estimate. Aerosols probably provided a significant climate forcing prior to the Industrial Revolution. We know of no other persuasive explanation for the absence of significant global warming during the past 6,000 years, a period in which the GHG forcing increased 0.5 W/m². Climate models that do not incorporate a growing negative aerosol forcing yield significant warming in that period, a warming that, in fact, did not occur.”^[10]

So between Hansen’s team and the IPCC — as Clint Eastwood might ask — do you feel lucky?

Wait, It’s Worse Than That

Aerosols have a relatively short duration in the atmosphere (weeks), while GHGs have a relatively long duration (decades). As fossil fuel generation continues to be reduced, the presence of cooling aerosols drops off rapidly while the presence of GHGs continues for decades. So the cooling effect dissipates rapidly while the heating effect persists. As a recent study says: “A complete phaseout of today’s fossil fuel combustion to zero-emission renewables would result in rapid aerosol demasking, while the GHGs linger on.”^[11]

Hansen’s team projects that the rate of global warming post-2010 has been and will be at least 50% greater than the prior 40-year rate: “Decline of aerosol emissions since 2010 should increase the 1970-2010 global warming rate of 0.18 C per decade to a post-2010 rate of at least 0.27 C per decade.”^[12]

Here’s a chart depicting this dire future:^[13]

| \”Global warming in the pipeline,\” by James E. Hansen, et al.

So this summer’s heat waves should have come as no surprise.

Wait, It’s Even Worse Than That

Hansen’s other heretical warning — also largely ignored by major media — is that the conventional scientific wisdom has greatly overstated the time lag between rising temperatures and rising seas. That wisdom is based on models showing gradual sea rise over many centuries. The IPCC’s various emission scenarios project sea level rise of no more than 1 meter by 2100.^[14]

Hansen and colleagues say we need to pay more attention to the paleoclimate record revealing a past in which sea levels rose rapidly, with the prospect for several meters of sea rise over the next 50 to 150 years.^[15] There’s also conforming evidence from a Greenland ice core as revealed in a new study.^[16]

Not to minimize other consequences of a hotter climate over the decades to come, but this is the threat of entire coastal cities disappearing. Three hundred twenty million people live less than 5 meters above sea level.^[17]

This isn’t about adaptation; this is the end of the world as we know it. And no, to riff on R.E.M.,^[18] I don’t feel fine.

Now What?

The response by most climatologists appears to be two-fold: (1) reducing aerosols is worth it because the reduced air pollution saves lives, and (2) even if Hansen and colleagues are right, it just means we need to do more to decarbonize faster rather than distract from that mission.

Re. response 1: Yes, aerosols are a form of air pollution that causes several million deaths per year. But that doesn’t explain why non-toxic aerosols like sand can’t replace toxic aerosols as discussed more below.

Re. response 2: Worldwide decarbonization isn’t going to happen any time soon, if ever.^[19] The “A” in Plan A could stand for “Ain’t happening.” I’ve discussed the prospect, or lack thereof, of worldwide decarbonization before, with references to that and othering sobering news in the footnote.^[20] And here’s a recent data point from Pew Research: Only 31% of Americans support a full phaseout of fossil fuels^[21]; you can imagine what that number is for the rest of the world.

And it’s probably too late for Plan A anyway. Hansen offers this somber reality (buried in a paragraph on page 45 of the recent study): “Phasedown of emissions cannot restore Earth’s energy balance within less than several decades, which is too slow to prevent grievous escalation of climate impacts and probably too slow to avoid locking in loss of the West Antarctic ice sheet and sea level rise of several meters.”

It’s baked in, figuratively and literally.^[22]

Plan B

As I wrote last year, we need a Plan B: putting aerosols back into the atmosphere,^[23] at least to get back to the cooling effect we’ve had before, and to buy us time for decarbonization to occur and to be impactful.

The best candidate may be non-toxic sand added to the stratosphere (with longer duration than the short-duration aerosols in our close-in troposphere).

This isn’t just neophyte Steve Huntoon talking. This is Hansen talking: “A promising approach to overcome humanity’s harmful geo-transformation of Earth is temporary solar radiation management (SRM). … An example of SRM is injection of atmospheric aerosols at high southern latitudes, which global simulations suggest would cool the Southern Ocean at depth and limit melting of Antarctic ice shelves.”^[24]

To climate purists who reject this as humans messing with the environment, what do they think we humans have been doing for millennia? We need to focus on what’s best for our species, our children and their children.

And to the objection that the world’s nations wouldn’t agree on what specific geoengineering should be done, is it more likely that there will be worldwide agreement on rapid elimination of GHGs and who pays for it, assuming the requisite technologies even exist at feasible cost? As Aerosmith said, dream on.^[25]

Isn’t It Ironic

It’s ironic that what we thought was an unadulterated good — reducing aerosol emissions — has a dark side. I’ll give Alanis Morissette the last word about what we might (or might not) do about it:^[26]

It’s the good advice that you just didn’t take
And who would’ve thought … it figures.

Columnist Steve Huntoon, principal of Energy Counsel LLP, and a former president of the Energy Bar Association, has been practicing energy law for more than 30 years.

[1] Principally sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) — the latter of which is not to be confused with nitrous oxide (N₂O), which is a greenhouse gas.

[2] https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15092021/global-warming-james-hansen-aerosols/.

[3] The net cooling effect of aerosols has been known for some time, as reported by Scientific American in 2018, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cleaning-up-air-pollution-may-strengthen-global-warming/, but the Hansen warning was specific in magnitude and timing of impact.

[4] https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health; https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/energy/2023/03/27/climate-change-how-cleaning-up-pollution-may-heat-the-planet/dd7496b0-ccdc-11ed-8907-156f0390d081_story.html.

[5] https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions (setting start year at 1850 to track with SO2 chart); https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/so-emissions-by-world-region-in-million-tonnes.

[6] https://insidelines.pjm.com/annual-study-shows-decrease-in-average-emission-rates-for-pjm-footprint/.

[7] https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2212/2212.04474.pdf, Figure 13.

[8] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-023-00367-6.pdf.

[9] https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_FullVolume.pdf, page 43, comparing 1.5 C of GHG warming effect with 0.4 degrees of offsetting principally aerosol cooling effect.

[10] https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2212/2212.04474.pdf, page 39.

[11] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-023-00367-6.pdf.

[12] https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2212/2212.04474.pdf, page 1.

[13] https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2212/2212.04474.pdf, Figure 25.

[14] https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf, page 45.

[15] https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/16/3761/2016/acp-16-3761-2016.pdf.

[16] https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/20/world/greenland-ice-sheet-melt-sea-level-rise-climate/index.html; https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/21/science/climate-greenland-ice-sheet.html.

[17] That’s 4.1% of the world’s population of 7.9 billion. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.EL5M.ZS. Six hundred million live less than 10 meters above sea level. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Ocean-fact-sheet-package.pdf.

[18] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wa43FNUdpU8.

[19] https://energy-counsel.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/We-are-Going-to-Need-a-Plan-B-RTO-Insider-5-10-22.pdf. And the prospects aren’t improving in terms of international collaboration and funding, https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/bonn-climate-talks-prepare-cop28-summit-end-with-little-show-2023-06-16/ or in resources like offshore wind, https://www.wsj.com/articles/wind-industry-hits-rough-seas-as-problems-mount-5490403a?mod=Searchresults_pos1&page=1, and long-duration storage, https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/long-duration-energy-storage/is-azelios-abrupt-bankruptcy-a-bad-omen-for-long-duration-energy-storage.

[20] Response 2 also evokes the punchline to that joke about economists: assume a can opener.

[21] https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2023/06/28/majorities-of-americans-prioritize-renewable-energy-back-steps-to-address-climate-change/.

[22] For more on this, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2212/2212.04474.pdf, Figure 28 and pages 42-43.

[23] https://energy-counsel.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/We-are-Going-to-Need-a-Plan-B-RTO-Insider-5-10-22.pdf.

[24] https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2212/2212.04474.pdf, page 46.

[25] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZfZ8uWaOFI

[26] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jne9t8sHpUc

August 20, 2023October 24, 2023

PJM MRC/MC Preview: Aug. 23-24, 2023

Below is a summary of the agenda items scheduled to be brought to a vote at the PJM Members Committee special meeting Wednesday and Markets and Reliability Committee meeting Thursday. Each item is listed by agenda number, description and projected time of discussion, followed by a summary of the issue and links to prior coverage in RTO Insider.

RTO Insider will be covering the discussions and votes.

Members Committee

Endorsements (2:10-5:00)

Stakeholders will discuss and vote on 20 proposals Wednesday, considering packages that seek to overhaul the PJM capacity market through the critical issue fast path process (CIFP) initiated by the board in February. Voting will not follow the MC’s usual truncated protocol — in which voting ceases after a package garners sector-weighted support — and stakeholders instead will vote on each proposal in turn. The committee’s support of the packages will serve as recommendations to the PJM Board of Managers, indicating how the membership feels the board should proceed in its aim of directing PJM to make a FERC filing with changes to the capacity market in October.

Markets and Reliability Committee

Consent Agenda (9:05-9:10)

B. Endorse proposed revisions to Manual 13: Emergency Operations to address requirements in NERC’s EOP-011 standard.

Endorsements (9:10-9:50)

Enhancements to Deactivation Rules Issue Charge (9:10-9:50)

PJM’s Paul McGlynn will present a problem statement and proposed issue charge, drafted in conjunction with the Independent Market Monitor, seeking to initiate a stakeholder discussion looking at PJM’s generation deactivation process. The proposed scope includes potentially increasing the deadline for generators to notify PJM of their plans to deactivate, the compensation level for generation owners that agree to continue operating their resources through reliability-must-run contracts and the triggers for offers a generator such a contract. (See “PJM and Monitor Present Generation Deactivation Issue Charge,” PJM MRC/MC Briefs: July 26, 2023.)

The committee will be asked to approve the proposed issue charge.

Peak Market Activity (9:50-10:15)

PJM’s Yong Hu will present a proposal and corresponding tariff revisions addressing peak market activity credit requirements. The language was endorsed by the Risk Management Committee.

The committee will be asked to endorse the proposed solution and corresponding tariff revisions.

Issue Tracking: Peak Market Activity Credit Requirement

August 20, 2023August 20, 2023

Texas Seeking Lead Role in Nuclear SMRs

Texas Gov. Greg Abbott last week directed the state’s Public Utility Commission to create a working group to study and provide recommendations that will “position Texas as the national leader on advanced nuclear energy.”

In a Wednesday letter to interim PUC Chair Kathleen Jackson, Abbott wrote that Texas should consider nuclear energy and all other forms of dispatchable power to ensure a reliable grid. He said the PUC should evaluate advanced nuclear reactors to determine whether “they can provide safe, reliable and affordable power.”

“Nuclear energy is a proven, reliable and dispatchable generation resource. It will become ever more critical as Texas’ need for reliable power continues to grow,” Abbott said. “The state of Texas must plan now to best harness these new advanced technologies and ensure the future of the Texas grid.”

ERCOT, the grid operator for about 90% of Texas, has seen peak demand increase by more than 14% in the past four years as its population and industrial growth boomed. It has set 21 peak demand records during the past two summers. (See related story, Population Growth Fuels ERCOT’s Record Demand.)

Abbott directed the working group to consider all potential financial incentives, determine nuclear-specific changes to the ERCOT market, identify any federal or state regulatory hurdles to development and analyze how Texas can streamline and accelerate permitting for building advanced nuclear reactors.

He also asked that PUC Commissioner Jimmy Glotfelty lead the group and that it coordinate with ERCOT to begin addressing the technical challenges of incorporating advanced nuclear technology.

Glotfelty agreed that Texas will need to “harness every source of dispatchable power” as the state’s population continues to multiply.

“The nuclear industry is ripe with technological advancement, and through collaboration with our state’s top-tier universities, it has great potential for growth in Texas,” he said in a statement provided by the PUC.

Texas already has more than 5 GW of conventional nuclear capacity in the South Texas Project and Comanche Peak plants. The four units came online between 1987 and 1994.

“I think that small modular reactors [SMRs] are very exciting and an important piece of the decarbonization puzzle for 2035 and beyond, especially if we use them to replace aging coal and gas plants. I would like to see more of them gain traction,” Michael Webber, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin leading clean energy technology research, told RTO Insider. But “they don’t really help us with the immediate need for power in the next five years, which is what Gov. Abbott called for,” he added.

Abbott made the announcement during a public fireside chat Wednesday with Dow CEO Jim Fitterling and X-energy CEO Clay Sell before about 70 attendees on the UT Austin campus.

The two companies said they had selected Dow’s UCC Seadrift Operations manufacturing site along the Texas Gulf Coast for a proposed advanced SMR project. They plan to install four 80-MW X-energy high-temperature gas reactor technology at the site by the end of this decade.

The companies will have to submit construction permit applications to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Construction on the project is planned to begin in 2026.

The NRC has approved only one small modular model, NuScale’s SMR water reactor. The 70-MW unit costs about $9 billion. X-energy says its design reduces costs by using off-the-shelf components manufactured and shipped to the sites.

The commission soon will file a new rule and regulatory guide for SMRs’ emergency preparedness requirements that it says will help their licensing. (See related story, NRC Eases Emergency Preparedness Rules for SMRs.)

The Department of Energy has named Dow a sub-awardee under X-energy’s Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program Cooperative Agreement. The agreement provides for up to $50 million in engineering work, with half funded by Dow.

Abbott touted the state’s new tax-abatement program passed by the Texas Legislature this year as a tool to incentivize similar projects.

August 17, 2023August 20, 2023

Population Growth Fuels ERCOT’s Record Demand

At some point last year Texas welcomed its 30 millionth resident, making it only the second state to reach that milestone behind California with its population of 39 million.

The U.S. Census Bureau said earlier this year that Texas added more than 9 million residents from 2000 to 2020, a 43% increase and more than any other state, and almost 3 million more than Florida, the next largest-growing state. The Bureau said Texas is the fourth-fastest growing state, with 11 of its 254 counties more than doubling their population during that same period.

ERCOT’s load growth has also exploded during that time. Peak demand, which was 57.61 GW in 2000, hit 85.44 GW this summer, a 48% increase.

The grid operator’s Independent Market Monitor says that average load grew 9.5% from 2021 to last year, with average load increasing more than the peak load in all four weather zones.

“That really is a massive load growth,” Carrie Bivens, the IMM’s director, said Wednesday while reviewing the monitor’s 2022 State of the Market report during a Gulf Coast Power Association webinar.

Carrie Bivens, ERCOT’s IMM | Gulf Coast Power Association

Bivens said ERCOT’s West and South zones were the biggest drivers of that growth.

“A lot of that has to do with greater industrial activity and oil and gas exploration, as well as just population growth,” she said. “There’s a lot of people who are moving to Texas, and that’s increasing the load.”

ERCOT says it has set 10 peak demand records this summer, one of the most brutal in recent memory. It set 11 records last summer, the high coming in July when it exceeded 80 GW for the first time at 80.15 GW. That broke the previous record of 74.82 GW that had stood since 2019.

Average peak demand has surpassed 80 GW 156 times this summer, bettering last year’s peak 146 times. A cool front slightly lowered temperatures that resulted in a peak Tuesday of 79.98 GW, the first time ERCOT has seen a peak below 80 GW since July 29.

The ISO, having already issued the year’s fourth weather watch that has been extended twice into Friday, took it a step further Thursday by calling for voluntary conservation. It asked Texans to reduce their electricity usage until 8 p.m. “if safe to do so,” alluding to the return of extreme temperatures, forecasted high demand and lower reserves.

The grid operator said it was not experiencing emergency conditions. “Voluntary conservation is a widely used industry tool that can help lower demand for a specific period of peak demand time,” it said.

ERCOT’s cushion of operating reserves dipped below 5 GW as demand approached 85 GW during the afternoon. About 6 GW of thermal resources were offline. Just before 5:30 p.m., solar resources, the workhorse resource during afternoons this summer, were providing nearly 11 GW of energy, almost as much as the 12.2 GW from coal and lignite units.

Bivens said about 9.7 GW of new generation resources came online last year. Wind accounted for 4 GW and solar for 3 GW; another 1.7 GW of energy storage resources also came online, with gas providing the rest.

August 17, 2023August 20, 2023

NY Creates Coordinated Grid Planning Process

The New York Public Service Commission approved the state’s first-ever Coordinated Grid Planning Process (CGPP) on Thursday, 39 months after it ordered the state’s utilities to begin the process (20-E-0197).

The move is designed to increase transmission and distribution capacity — while controlling costs and speeding up the process — as New York ramps up its production and consumption of electricity to meet its emission-reduction goals.

The utilities in November 2020 submitted their initial response, which the PSC deemed inadequate in September 2021. The utilities submitted a proposal in December 2021, then held nine technical conferences before submitting their final proposal in December 2022.

Stakeholder response this year was lukewarm at best and loaded with suggestions for changes. (See NY Utilities’ Proposed Grid Planning Process Gets Tepid Reaction.) The version of the CGPP approved in Thursday’s order incorporates numerous modifications based on stakeholder comments and Department of Public Service staff suggestions. More modifications are expected, informed by experience gained once the first CGPP cycle begins next month.

It is the first time the PSC has initiated a long-term, coordinated, statewide planning process. Its focus is supporting the state’s landmark Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) of 2019, which calls for 70% renewable energy by 2030 and a zero-emission grid by 2040.

The plan lays out a two-year, six-stage process to be conducted by the investor-owned utilities and the Long Island Power Authority, culminating in a report and system investment recommendations for PSC consideration. After the PSC responds, another study cycle will begin.

The two-year timeframe is one of the modifications; as proposed, the CGPP would have operated on three-year cycles. That would have been too slow to support the CLCPA, the PSC said. NYISO also generally does its planning on a two-year cycle.

A stakeholder group called the Energy Policy Planning Advisory Council (EPPAC) will inform but not control the process. Thursday’s order specifies that DPS staff will choose the EPPAC’s members, have a significant role in managing it and make decisions necessary to advance the process if the EPPAC cannot reach a consensus on giving direction to planning entities.

The Advanced Technology Working Group — which is focused on dynamic line ratings, power flow control and energy storage — will support the CGPP by scouting for solutions to constraints as they are identified.

August 17, 2023December 12, 2023

NERC Board of Trustees/MRC Meeting Briefs: Aug. 16-17, 2023

OTTAWA, Ontario — As NERC’s Board of Trustees and Member Representatives Committee gathered in Ottawa this week, attendees took the opportunity to remark on the recent anniversary of a major milestone in the ERO’s history.

“Twenty years ago this past Monday, an obscure tree fell on a power line in Ohio, triggering a disastrous chain of events culminating in 55 million people without electricity, and almost 100 people dead,” said David Morton, chair of Canada’s Energy and Utility Regulators (CAMPUT). “As you all know, this event gave birth to NERC as we know it today, a corporation [that’s] probably unique in the world … However, unlike Sergeant Pepper’s band, which kept coming in and out of style, NERC’s mission not only doesn’t go out of style, but grows ever more important.”

Morton’s address on Thursday wasn’t the only reference to the August 2003 blackout, nor was he the only speaker to slip a Beatles reference into his remarks. Manny Cancel, NERC senior vice president and CEO of the Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center, shared his memory of “not going home and staying in my office for those two days,” and NERC staff shared a video they made with ReliabilityFirst and NPCC reminiscing on the event and the lessons learned since.

NERC CEO Jim Robb — who was unable to fly to Ottawa but listened via web conference — told ERO Insider before the meeting that he considered the legacy of the 2003 blackout to be the ERO Enterprise’s collaborative model of seeking input from all stakeholders in the electric grid.

“The thing that I always tell utilities is that, when we put in place a standard, it’s never about you — it’s about your neighbor. Because you want to make sure that your neighbor is operating their system the same way you are,” Robb said. “That’s really critical, given the interconnected nature of the grid. … We learned that in [the blackout of] 1965, and we relearned it in 2003.”

2024 Budget Approved

NERC’s final 2024 business plan and budget passed its penultimate hurdle at Thursday’s board meeting, with trustees agreeing to the document after members of the Finance and Audit Committee approved it at their meeting the day before. The budget will now be submitted to FERC for final approval.

Speaking at the FAC meeting, NERC CFO Andy Sharp reviewed revisions to the budget since the drafts were submitted for public comment in May. (See Personnel, Meeting Costs Drive 2024 ERO Budget Hikes.) NERC’s final budget has been set at $113.6 million, $3 million higher than the draft budget.

The biggest driver of the increase is a $3 million charge associated with the Interregional Transfer Capability Study (ITCS), an 18-month effort ordered by Congress earlier this year in the Fiscal Responsibility Act. NERC was able to account for $400,000 of the ITCS cost by repurposing funds intended for contractors and consultants. The rest will be split between the organization’s Assessment Stabilization Reserve and Operating Contingency Reserve, meaning that assessments will be unchanged from the $97 million in the draft budget.

Another added cost is a $400,000 charge for constructing a new database platform for NERC’s system operator certification and continuing education program. This too is expected to have no impact on the ERO’s assessment because it will be funded entirely from the System Operator Certification Reserve.

Standards Process Changes Accepted

Introducing a set of proposed changes to NERC’s reliability standards development process, Soo Jin Kim, NERC vice president of engineering and standards, thanked stakeholders for supporting the ERO in the “concerted effort” to streamline its internal procedures.

“I do believe this is a long process, and it has been a very fruitful process, but I’m very pleased today because the work product that we are delivering is going to allow for the ERO Enterprise to fulfill its statutory obligations and to provide for more agile and efficient processes,” Kim said.

The revisions, which trustees approved for filing with FERC, will affect NERC’s Rules of Procedure, particularly Section 300, which governs standards development, and Appendix 3A — NERC’s Standard Processes Manual.

Among the most significant changes is a new Section 322, which gives NERC’s board “the authority to direct the development of a reliability standard in extraordinary circumstances … to address an urgent reliability issue.” Under the Section 322 process, the board will issue a preliminary written notice of its intent to issue a directive, along with its reasoning.

Stakeholders will have the opportunity to weigh in during a public comment period of at least 45 days, after which the board will issue a final determination in writing, along with a consideration of comments received. Upon final determination, any impacted party will have the opportunity to request rehearing or clarification.

Kim emphasized that Section 322 was meant to be considered only “a failsafe [that] will not replace our stakeholder model that we’re all very connected to.” She said the changes were necessary to meet the ERO’s “statutory obligations under Section 215” of the Federal Power Act.

Trustees also agreed to adopt reliability standards TOP-003-6 (Transmission operator and balancing authority data and information specification and collection) and IRO-010-5 (Reliability coordinator data specification and collection), along with their implementation plan. The standards were developed under Project 2021-06, which was started to address potential administrative burdens identified in previous versions of the standards by NERC’s Standards Efficiency Review.

Compliance Committee Renamed

NERC’s Compliance Committee held its last meeting on Wednesday — at least the last under that name. The committee approved a set of amendments to its charter that the board approved the following day, changing its name to the Regulatory Oversight Committee.

The name change is intended to reflect the committee’s evolving scope, after members determined that because of the “current volume and complexity of standards-related projects and issues,” NERC requires “increased focus and oversight” in the standards development process. The committee’s new responsibilities include:

- Ensuring that the standards program addresses appropriate strategic priorities;
- Monitoring the overall results of the standards development process;
- Assessing the efficiency of standards and their effectiveness at addressing targeted reliability risks;
- Monitoring progress in addressing regulatory mandates and standards-related directives; and
- Responding to the board’s requests for advice and recommendations on standards-related matters.

Future Meetings

The Ottawa meeting was the second and final in-person gathering of the year for the board and MRC, after the February meetings in Tucson, Ariz. Members and trustees will hold their final meetings virtually. However, unlike previous virtual gatherings in which the MRC and board met within a day of each other, these events will be separated by almost two months: the MRC will meet on Oct. 25, and the board will hold its final meeting on Dec. 12.

Next year’s meeting schedule will look similar to that of 2023, with face-to-face gatherings in Houston on Feb. 14-15 and Vancouver on Aug. 14-15. May’s meetings will follow a hybrid format, with members and trustees gathering at NERC’s D.C. office and all other participants attending virtually, and the final meetings (Dec. 13 for the board and an undetermined time in October for the MRC) will again be held entirely online.

August 17, 2023August 28, 2023

NJ Opens Community Solar and Nuclear Support Programs

The New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (BPU) on Wednesday enacted a permanent community solar program that will approve projects totaling more than 150 MW a year, replacing the state’s temporary pilot program after two heavily oversubscribed solicitations.

The Community Solar Energy Program (CSEP) will be open to community solar projects that are smaller than 5 MW and are on rooftops, carports, canopies over impervious surfaces, contaminated sites, landfills or bodies of water.

Registration for the new program will begin Nov. 15. Projects will be awarded on a first-come, first-served basis, with incentives allocated under the Administratively Determined Incentive section of the state’s new solar subsidy program, the Successor Solar Incentive Program.

“This new program will greatly expand the burgeoning market for solar in New Jersey. Adding hundreds of megawatts of new solar in coming years will bring all the benefits of clean energy and hundreds of new jobs to the state,” said Morgan Sawyer, a BPU research scientist who outlined the new program for the board.

Community solar projects in the program will be eligible for an incentive of $90/MWh, and program rules say it should approve projects totaling at least 225 MW in each of the first two years and at least 750 MW in the first five years.

The program passed on a 4-0 vote, with one abstention due to a conflict of interest. Joseph L. Fiordaliso, BPU’s president, called the approval of a permanent program a “big day” that will provide clean energy to residents who previously couldn’t access it because they don’t own a house or their property is not suitable for solar panels.

“They now have the ability to be a part of the clean energy revolution that New Jersey is currently involved in,” he said. “All of us have to be a part of the clean energy movement if we are going to continue to mitigate the effects of climate change.”

Progress, but Also A Missed Opportunity

Community solar projects target users who either cannot or do not want to have solar on their roofs but seek to support a clean energy initiative. To make the projects work, the developer must sign up subscribers, who commit to using the clean energy and in turn receive a credit on their utility bill, reducing the electricity cost by a set percentage.

New Jersey’s program targets low- and moderate-income (LMI) residents, requiring that they constitute 51% of a project’s subscribers. The new program requires that community solar providers discount subscribers’ utility rates at least 15%.

The BPU approved the proposal after releasing the straw proposal for public comment March 30 (QO22030153) and holding a public hearing April 24.

The state enacted its first community solar pilot program in 2019, and a second pilot in 2021. The first program, which attracted 252 applicants, approved 45 projects totaling 75 MW. The second pilot, which attracted 412 applications, awarded 105 projects totaling 165 MW.

In February, the BPU launched a website to help ratepayers find the closest community solar project to them.

Lyle Rawlings, CEO of Advanced Solar Products and president of the Mid-Atlantic Solar and Storage Industries Association, said the program is a good one and his association, which includes community solar developers, expects it to be oversubscribed in the future.

The permanent program “is an important advancement to the community solar program,” Rawlings said. But he also called it a “missed opportunity” because the program rules don’t do enough to focus on getting LMI residents into the program.

He said his organization pushed unsuccessfully to get projects ranked by the size of the discount they would give to LMI subscribers, and by the percentage of project subscribers from the LMI communities. If the annual capacity block were to be oversubscribed, the rankings ― and their ability to identify the projects that favored LMI residents ― would be used to help determine which projects should be approved, he said.

“We’re disappointed that those recommendations were not followed,” he said.

Ease of Access

The launch of the program follows a contentious history, in which solar developers at one point complained that the agency was taking too long to announce the winners of the second pilot and to outline when the agency would transition to a permanent program. (See Slow Progress of NJ Community Solar Pilot Draws Fire.)

The success of the pilot programs prompted two lawmakers to introduce a bill (S3123) that would have more than tripled the size of the planned permanent community solar program to 500 MW a year. BPU officials argued that the agency could not handle such a rapid increase. (See NJ Proposes Modest Community Solar Capacity Hike.)

Members of VoteSolar, a national advocacy group, welcomed the BPU’s move, saying it would give greater access to solar energy for LMI residents. The program’s adoption of consolidated billing ― so that details of subscribers’ clean energy use and the size of the credit discount are part of their utility bill, rather than a separate bill ― is a new element that will make it more accessible for residents, the group said in a release.

“We can’t leave anyone behind in the transition to 100% clean energy, and community solar is key to expanding equitable access for all New Jersey residents,” said Elowyn Corby, Mid-Atlantic regional director for Vote Solar.

Nuclear Subsidies

The BPU also voted to start the process for awarding a new round of subsidies under the Zero Emission Certificates (ZEC) program and determining which nuclear plants in the state are eligible for the subsidies.

With a 5-0 vote, the board opened the process in which utilities that own nuclear plants can apply for ZECs to be used between June 1, 2025, and May 31, 2028. The board also set the ZEC price at $9.88/MWh and agreed to hire a consultant to help evaluate the applicants and other ZEC issues that arise.

The ZEC program provides subsidies to nuclear power plants at risk of closure so they can remain open to generate carbon-free power. New Jersey will rely heavily on nuclear power in seeking to reach its clean energy goals. In 2021, nuclear plants generated 44% of the state’s electricity, slightly less than was generated by gas-powered plants, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Renewable energy accounted for about 8% of the electricity in that year.

The New Jersey Legislature created the program in 2018, and in 2019, the board awarded ZECs totaling $300 million to New Jersey’s three nuclear plants: Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station, which is owned and operated by Public Service Enterprise Group (PSEG), and Salem One and Salem Two nuclear power plant, which are owned and operated by PSEG with Exelon.

The state awarded the same certificate rate — $10/MWh — in 2021, to cover the 2022-to-2025 period. (See NJ Nukes Awarded $300 Million in ZECs.)