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November 14, 2024

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RMI, VP3 Report Lays out Growth Case for Virtual Power Plants

Virtual power plants can help the power grid deal with some of its most pressing issues, such as meeting rising demand and helping to integrate more renewables affordably, according to a recent report from RMI and the Virtual Power Plant Partnership (VP3). 

The report, “Power Shift: How Virtual Power Plants Unlock Cleaner, More Affordable Electricity Systems,” lays out a path to expand VPPs, in line with the Department of Energy’s VPP Liftoff report from last fall. (See DOE Report Lays out Commercialization Path for VPPs.) 

About 500 VPP programs already are in operation, providing between 30 GW and 60 GW of peak-coincident capacity in the country. With hundreds of gigawatts of new distributed energy resources coming online, the report says VPPs could serve much of the emerging need for 160 GW by 2030. 

While the technology is being used today, it’s important that it’s part of any planning processes, said the report’s co-author, RMI’s Tyler Fitch. 

“The key is going to be changing our operations and planning processes such that VPPs are visible to them and making it such that VPPs can respond to signals in ways that make sense for the grid,” Fitch said. 

Current planning practices can silo the distribution system, where VPPs are located, off from the bulk transmission system, so ensuring they can be procured and dispatched like any other is going to be important to fulfilling their potential, Fitch said. 

Ben Brown, CEO of VP3 member Renew Home, said VPPs offer the kind of dispatchable, clean resource the grid needs. 

“I think there tends to be a lot of focus on newer technology; technology that can go after solving some problems,” Brown said. “And I think for us, it was really important to highlight that, hey, there’s a lot of existing latent resources out there.” 

Renew Home was created by the merger of Google Nest Renew and OhmConnect, and it now runs the largest residential VPP in the country. More than 80 million households have installed electric heating and cooling systems, and water heating increasingly is done with electricity, Brown said.  

“Those represent … an existing growing resource that, if tapped into correctly, really can provide a meaningful, very low-cost way to support decarbonization and some of the load growth that we’re seeing on the grid,” Brown said. 

VPPs offer benefits over the grid-scale resources they compete with in that they are rapidly deployable, meet load where it exists and offer local economic, reliability and resilience benefits, the report says. 

“We believe we could bring together about 50 GW of VPP capacity online by 2030 just through kind of the current funnels,” Brown said. 

VPPs do not require new technology, and there’s no need to build new infrastructure, with customers installing smart thermostats, distributed solar and storage, and electric vehicles into their existing homes, Brown said. 

“Being able to engage directly with households around ways in which their home can add value to the grid and therefore actually them get paid for it, and then being able to reduce their energy costs, is such a huge component of this,” he added. 

Getting residential customers signed up in VPPs will be increasingly important to help balance the grid, Brown said. ERCOT, where Renew Home is active as a retail electric provider, already sees its demand peak in the summer, and its winters are driven by residential demand. That will be more common across the country.

“Most of the rest of the country, over the next 10 to 15 years, will probably go through updates with using heat pumps, and that will actually drive more and more heating-related electric peaks versus what’s just happening in certain regions of the country where electric heating is already pretty high,” Brown said. 

Heat pumps are efficient, but modeling in the Northeast shows their adoption could greatly increase the peak demands of residential and commercial customers in coming decades.  

The adoption of EVs by consumers will add many new DERs to the grid, Fitch said.

“I think we’re sort of at an inflection point here, where a lot of the operational questions are being answered, and lots of the business models are being figured out,” Fitch said. “And … especially with the [Inflation Reduction Act], there’s a whole asset turnover, in terms of internal combustion vehicles to EVs, that will really facilitate a greater role for VPPs.” 

Coordinated EV charging so the vehicles on a block are not all charging at once and overloading the local system is part of it, but utilities are realizing that more subtle, minute-by-minute shifts in that demand can help integrate those new loads cost effectively and reliably, Brown said. 

“Otherwise, you’re dealing with a problem where you’re just overbuilding infrastructure and passing on that cost to consumers in a way that is not necessarily healthy for where we need to go,” he added. 

DERs represent a growing base for VPP, just as the power grid’s need for additional supply as demand grows. 

“In the context where interconnecting grid-scale resources is hard, there’s this unique window for VPPs to play this capacity role,” Fitch said. 

Some VPPs already are, with Fitch pointing to SunRun’s aggregation of solar-plus-storage systems in California, which provided the grid with an average of 48 MW of dispatchable capacity during a heat wave this July, the company said. 

FERC Order 2222, which required RTOs and ISOs to integrate DER aggregations into their markets, also helps integrate DERs into VPPs, Brown said. But some of the rules could be changed to encourage more participation from residential consumers, as the minimum thresholds to participate in some of the markets are too high. 

The other big issue facing the industry is access to data, he said. 

“It’s not easy for households to be able to get access to and share utility meter data very easily and everywhere, and so that’s an area that we believe there could be continued progress on,” Brown said. 

That would help utilities engage with their customers in new ways, such as setting up smart home platforms, apps and other kinds of communications beyond the monthly bill or occasional email, he added. 

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Texas Lawmakers Pile on $5B Fund’s Controversy

Texas lawmakers charged with overseeing the state’s $5 billion fund for new gas-fired generation took aim this week at the consulting firm managing the program. 

During a public hearing Oct. 8, the Texas Energy Fund (TEF) Advisory Committee roasted Deloitte representatives for missing an apparently fraudulent loan application that accounted for 13.2% and left a nearly 1.3-GW hole in the fund’s portfolio. 

Deloitte principal Rod Kleinhammer, a senior partner overseeing the firm’s Texas business, defended his staff’s work. He said they could have been more intensive in performing due diligence of the 72 applicants for TEF funds. Deloitte conducted what amounted to cursory background checks of the applicants and found no negative results, Kleinhammer said, and added it intended a deeper dive after arriving at its shortlist of 17 projects deserving of loans. 

“We should have accelerated some of the additional risk and reputational checks we had planned for due diligence to occur prior to the release of the 17 Texas energy fund loan applications being made public,” he told the committee, reading his short, prepared statement. “We’ve modified our processes and are confident the safeguards we have in place will continue to assure that no entities will be approved for funding before a rigorous and thorough review of the applicants and sponsors has been completed.” 

That may not be enough.  

Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick (R), one of the state’s most powerful political leaders, posted a statement after the hearing calling Deloitte’s failure to catch the sketchy application a “blunder.” He said the Public Utility Commission should follow through on its demand to claw back at least 10% of Deloitte’s contract and for the legislature to review the state’s other contracts with Deloitte, which average about $250 million annually, according to Kleinhammer. 

“Our grid needs more dispatchable power as quickly as possible, and the Texas Energy Fund loan program is the most expeditious way to get more dispatchable megawatts online” he said. “Deloitte has only slowed down this important program. They need to correct their errors now or be gone.” 

The application in question was proffered by Aegle Power, which said NextEra Energy was a party to the application, which the Florida company has denied. It also turned out that Aegle’s CEO, Kathleen Smith, had pleaded guilty in 2017 to embezzling a “significant” amount of money from a company that was trying to build a power plant in Corpus Christi, Texas. (See Texas PUC Rejects Possible ‘Fraudulent’ Loan Application.) 

“The lack of just basic due diligence is astounding to me,” state Sen. Charles Schwertner (R), who co-chairs the advisory committee, told Kleinhammer. He noted Smith’s name was “all over the application” and received affirmation from the Deloitte rep. 

Texas Sen. Charles Schwertner | Texas Senate

“And no one bothered to interview or Google her name?” he asked incredulously. “This is the second-largest, 1.2-GW, second-largest project in the Texas Energy Fund. Is it astounding that it wasn’t a baseline like, ‘Who am I dealing with?’” 

Schwertner recalled an earlier conversation with Kleinhammer, in which they discussed Deloitte’s mantra of KYC (Know Your Client).  

“You were like, all giddy about it, almost,” Schwertner said. “Do you know Aegle Power?” 

“I do now,” Kleinhammer responded. “Now that I know what I’m looking for, it is very easy to find out, sir.” 

“What do you mean, what you’re looking for?” Schwertner replied, not hiding his frustration. “’If they’re a convicted felon, I should probably not advance them.’ Is that what you’re looking for? Do we need to spell it out for you?” 

Smith had agreed to attend the hearing, but Schwertner said she pulled out Oct. 7 because she said she couldn’t leave Florida because of Hurricane Milton’s approach. 

Sitting next to her empty chair, Mitchell Ross, general counsel for NextEra Energy Resources, the competitive business for the giant Florida company with about a $160 billion market cap, said the subsidiary never committed to or applied for any project seeking Texas Energy Fund support. 

He said discussions were held with Aegle, but that no equity commitment was ever made. Initial conversations began with Aegle’s investment banker in May, but by July, Ross said, NextEra’s deal team had decided to end the negotiations, partly because of Smith’s criminal history. He said a May letter submitted to the PUC and claiming a $252 million equity commitment from NextEra was fraudulent and has been reported to the U.S. Attorney’s Office. 

“We do not support the application, and I agree that false statements and fraud have been committed against the state of Texas,” Ross said. 

As if that weren’t enough, Coronado Power Ventures notified the PUC that the air permits Aegle said it had secured from the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality and the U.S. EPA actually were issued to its La Paloma Energy Center in South Texas. The project since has been canceled. 

Coronado Power CEO John Upchurch said the application was made without his company’s “knowledge or consent.” 

In a strange twist, Upchurch was CEO and Smith president at Chase Power from 2008 to 2012, when the embezzlement occurred. Federal authorities charged both with filing false invoices and using their company credit cards for personal travel, country club memberships and other expenses. Like Smith, Upchurch pleaded guilty to the charges. 

“Deloitte’s failure to uncover the falsified application presented by Aegle Power, whose CEO was previously convicted of embezzlement, is outrageous, and the [PUC’s] advancement of this unvetted project is extremely troubling,” Patrick said in his statement. 

PUC Chair Thomas Gleeson offered his apologies, saying the commission had “too much of an arm’s length relationship with our contractor.” 

“I should have ensured we were more heavily involved in the review,” he told lawmakers. “Ultimately, it is my responsibility to make sure that Deloitte is doing what they need to do.” 

The commission said it will strengthen the oversight process to address the issues that led to the Aegle Power application’s acceptance and denial. Executive Director Connie Corona said staff will meet with the 16 remaining applicants and conduct site visits to verify their legitimacy.  

The PUC and Deloitte are negotiating over the 10% clawback of the latter’s contract, which is valued at $73 million over four years. An addendum could up the spending to $107 million. 

Kleinhammer said the two sides are close, but Gleeson offered a different perspective. He said there will be no negotiation over the 10% number, which amounts to $7.3 million. 

“That is $7.3 million, which is 10% of their base contract. That number is non-negotiable. It is not moving down,” Gleeson told the committee. “So, from my view, there is no ongoing negotiation. There is a number that needs to be met, and when it is, we will present you with an agreement of that number.” 

Gleeson said the commission also has referred the matter to the Texas attorney general’s office, citing the “lies and false statements” in the application. 

“It is fraud,” he said. 

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FERC’s Rosner Talks Priorities at American Clean Power Association

WASHINGTON — FERC Commissioner David Rosner told members of the American Clean Power Association that one of his main goals as a regulator is to successfully manage the energy industry’s transition.

“If you look back 20 years, the system is just completely different from what it was,” Rosner said. “And if you look 20 years out forward, it’s going to look different. And, so, one of the things I’m focused on is making sure in regions where there are markets … those markets are equipped to deal with that change.”

Another part of reliably managing the transition FERC oversees is deciding where and when infrastructure investments are needed, he added.

Rosner is not coming new to FERC like most commissioners; he’s moving up to the top floor after working as a staffer since 2017.

“Frankly, I have an unfair advantage, because there’s — you’ll be shocked to hear this — but there’s a lot of process at a regulatory agency,” Rosner said. “And that’s a really good thing, because we want a lot of eyes on these orders because they affect real people, real companies, real dollars. And, so, I already know to some extent that process, and that’s been a huge advantage.”

He already has seen the regulator go through changes since joining as a staffer. One of the reasons the commission has seemed more partisan in recent years, he said, is a court decision (NRG Power Marketing LLC v. FERC) that ended its flexibility in dealing with Federal Power Act Section 205 filings. (See PJM MOPR Order Reversed; FERC Overstepped, Court Says.)

While focused on long-running debates about PJM’s capacity market, the decision effectively tied FERC’s hands and limited its response to Section 205 filings to an up or down vote.

“Before you would see six, seven, eight — you know — rounds of conditional compliance,” Rosner said. “We can’t do that anymore. It’s yes or no, up or down. It’s always an emergency.”

Rosner also said he’s committed to getting orders out as soon as they are ready, which this summer involved approving new infrastructure. He also noted the commission is working on issuing a rehearing order for Order 1920, the transmission reforms passed this spring before Rosner took office.

PJM’s recent capacity auction and the price spikes caused by a narrowing supply and demand balance also are at the top of mind for the new commissioner, who said he’s been meeting with state regulators from the region concerned with the shift from “abundance to scarcity.” (See PJM Capacity Prices Spike 10-fold in 2025/2026 Auction.)

“The fundamental cure to this disease is adding capacity,” Rosner said. “And so, you know, last year, I think we saw a report just come out of PJM saying they added 2,000 MW of solar. I think they have somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 MW of signed ISAs [interconnection service agreements], some of those for batteries. And you know, I think what we’re hoping to see is that we get more than 2,000 MW connected next year.”

FERC Order 2023 set a new baseline for interconnection queues around the country, and the commission recently held a two-day workshop looking into other ways, some of which do not require any rule changes, to speed up that process, Rosner said.

Industry Executives Discuss Maintaining Reliability as Grid Transitions

Rosner gave the keynote at an event that featured executives from around the industry describing how they responded to reliability challenges in their territories.

CAISO had to cut power briefly to some customers in 2020 as demand spiked around the West and it was unable to rely on imports, said Chief Operating Officer Mark Rothleder. The short version of what went wrong: California didn’t keep up with the pace of change, represented by higher peaks due to climate change and new types of resources.

At the time, CAISO had just 250 MW of batteries online. That has ramped up to 10,000 MW, which has helped.

“You’re starting to now see things stabilized,” Rothleder said. “We’re seeing these events happen. We’re forecasting the events in the operational time frame. We’re incorporating the changing conditions in the planning horizon, and we’re again developing and moving and building the resources that we need for the future.”

The bad times for SPP came in February 2021, when Winter Storm Uri led to blackouts, said General Counsel Paul Suskie.

Over its first two decades as an RTO, SPP approved $13 billion in transmission. That could grow by more than 50% after a vote set for the end of October, when its board will consider $7.5 billion more. Some $2 billion of that proposed transmission was planned when looking back to Uri and Winter Storm Elliott and determining what would have helped maintain reliability, Suskie said.

The new transmission lines would help connect the north to the south of SPP to better move power in emergencies. SPP also is considering proposals for eight high-voltage direct current lines to connect the Eastern and Western Interconnections as its RTO footprint expands across that seam, Suskie said.

One key policy goal of American Clean Power is getting the Energy Permitting Reform Act of 2024 to pass Congress this year, after clearing the Energy & Natural Resources Committee by a 15-4 vote.

“We are in a joyful position right now having a full consensus,” said ACP President Jason Grumet. “Not a single member of our organization is opposed to the EPRA proposal.”

ITC President Krista Tanner said the permitting bill is needed to avoid situations like the recently completed Cardinal-Hickory Creek Line, which took 13 years to build because it was under constant litigation. The law does not eliminate litigation under the National Environmental Policy Act, but it seeks to minimize “litigation abuse,” Tanner said.

“It puts time frames on statutes, limitations on how soon you have to file; it requires courts take these cases expeditiously, and then it requires the agencies to act within certain time frames,” Tanner said. “So, all of that helps a lot.”

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NYISO: No Worries Ahead of This Winter

NYISO expects it will be able to operate reliably, according to the Winter 2024 Operating Study presented to the Systems Operations Advisory Subcommittee on Oct. 9. 

The ISO forecasts a 23,800 MW peak demand against 41,321 MW of total available capacity this winter, a 73.6% margin. This season’s load forecast is about 1.73% less than last winter’s expected 24,220 MW and about 7.53% lower than the all-time peak of 25,738 MW, set in January 2014.

Peak load was only 22,754 MW last winter, which was very mild. It was one of only three times during that January when load went above 22,000 MW. (See NYISO Recounts Mild Winter.) 

The study notes that 935 MW of new generation have come online since last winter, spread across 13 projects. Most of these are solar farms, but they also include two wind farms over 100 MW in upstate New York and one battery facility outside of Buffalo. 

Four gas turbine plants, totaling 60 MW, were modeled as deactivated since winter 2023. 

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Maryland: The State Where ‘Transmission Has Come to Die’

COLLEGE PARK, Md. ― Maryland consumes five times more energy than it generates, has limited access to transmission in the central and eastern parts of the state and at present has only six projects totaling 1,245 MW in PJM’s interconnection queue.

“Maryland, as many of you know, has been a state where transmission has come to die,” said Jason Stanek, executive director of governmental services at PJM, in his opening remarks as moderator for a grid reliability roundtable at the Maryland Clean Energy Summit on Oct. 7. 

A former chair of the Maryland Public Service Commission, Stanek provided an overview of the state’s dilemma as it seeks to cut its greenhouse gas emissions 60% below 2006 levels by 2031 and decarbonize its power grid by 2035, all while attracting new business, including megawatt-guzzling data centers.  

PJM estimates data centers will grow from 4% of Maryland’s power demand in 2024 to 12% in 2029 and 16% in 2039, but Stanek cautioned those numbers could be conservative, and the RTO revises the projections every year. Since 2018, new generation coming online in Maryland has been outpaced by retirements, with 1,600 MW coming online versus 6,000 MW coming off, he said. 

“Last year, Maryland held an unenviable position of needing to import [power] every single hour of every single day,” he said. 

Facing each other across tables running along three sides of the meeting room, participants ranged from state lawmakers to offshore wind developers and other industry experts, each with different perspectives on the state’s challenges and possible solutions, both short and long term.  

Del. Lorig Charkoudian (D) talked up a bill she hopes to introduce in Maryland’s General Assembly in January, aimed at accelerating the permitting process for energy storage and other distributed energy resources coming onto Maryland’s distribution system, outside of PJM’s jurisdiction.  

“I think that PJM doesn’t do the job it needs to be doing on transmission planning, and I think that our hands are tied, and so … I have finally just given up and put [planning provisions] into this bill,” Charkoudian said. 

An outline of the bill is being circulated for input from stakeholders but has been informally dubbed “Build Stuff in Maryland,” she said. “The idea is, what can we do fastest? And the thing we can do fastest is distribution utilities can put storage on the distribution grid; so, medium size … 1,2,3 MW at substations, and that can be done at a pretty quick scale to respond to some of the immediate [reliability] problems, assuming storage is treated fairly in capacity markets.” 

While not on the bulk transmission system, these projects could “address our resource adequacy problems fairly quickly,” she said.  

Stanek and others pointed to FERC’s recently passed Order 1920, which aims to provide a new, more comprehensive framework for RTO and ISO transmission planning, for example, calling on the grid operators to consider grid-enhancing technologies, such as advanced conductors, that can increase capacity on existing lines.  

David Townley, public policy director at CTC Global, an advanced conductor manufacturer, argued that waiting for much-needed transmission to be built can take years, triggering additional risks as new generation comes online. “By the time you get the line built, you may be in a congestion point; it may not be the solution anymore,” Townley said. “Take steps you can take now to open up those capacities … because the lines are loading up and changing.” 

Abe Silverman, assistant research scholar at the Ralph O’Connor Sustainable Energy Institute at Johns Hopkins University, cautioned that full implementation of 1920 is still five years away but that states now should be codifying their goals and policies for clean energy and grid planning.  

“That will help a lot,” said Silverman, who previously was general counsel and executive policy counsel for the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (BPU). “So, the more you can put on paper and hand to PJM [and] say, ‘These are our goals,’ the stronger that 1920 planning process will be.” 

States like Maryland should encourage their neighbors in the PJM service territory to “codify their rules in a comparable manner.” Then they present PJM with a “comprehensive action plan” as part of the 1920 process, he said. 

State of the Grid

Stanek was quizzed on PJM’s request to FERC for a rehearing of 1920, one of many the commission has received and is considering.  

PJM found the 1,363-page ruling “overly restrictive for a footprint as diverse and wide, serving 65 million customers,” he said. “So, the purpose of the request for rehearing was to preserve our right to inform FERC that we think there should be more flexibility in how PJM complies” with the rule. 

“Otherwise, this final rule is effectively one-size-fits-all,” Stanek said. At the same time, PJM is moving ahead to comply with the timelines set out in the rule, he said.  

Stanek’s opening presentation zeroed in on the key challenges for transmission planning in Maryland. 

The state’s generation mix is 42.8% natural gas and 42.9% nuclear, with coal and hydro providing about 5% each, and wind and “other” accounting for a final 4.3%.  

But what’s in PJM’s interconnection queue for the state is 54% energy storage, 44% solar, 1% wind and less than 1% natural gas and hydro. 

The state is one of a handful that does not have an overarching, holistic plan for infrastructure development to help guide the transition to clean energy ― as opposed to the GHG emission reduction plan the Maryland Department of the Environment issued at the end of 2023 ― Stanek said. 

Further, Maryland’s offshore wind projects are not included in the state’s interconnection queue because they will be coming onshore in Delaware before connecting to the PJM grid, Stanek said.  

The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management recently approved the Maryland Offshore Wind Project, which includes two separate sites totaling up to 2 GW of power. Maryland’s other major offshore wind project, Ørsted’s Skipjack 1 and 2, has been on hold since the company backed out of its offtake agreement with the state in January. The company has said it would “reposition” the project for future offtake agreements. 

For PJM, Stanek said, the short-term solution for Maryland is, first, to ensure no shutdowns of existing baseload generation ― coal, natural gas or nuclear ― until the necessary transmission is in place to handle the new carbon-free generation in the queue. 

The RTO intervened in the planned closure of the Brandon Shores coal-fired power plant in 2025, citing a potential for up to 600 reliability violations in Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia to keep the 1,283-MW plant online via a reliability-must-run agreement with its owner, Talen Energy. 

The Grid Reliability Roundtable at the Maryland Clean Energy Summit. | © RTO Insider LLC

Stanek said Maryland also should accelerate permitting and siting of new generation, but cautioned getting new projects online could be complicated by Maryland’s profile as a high-risk state for utility investors in rankings from S&P Commodity Insights. In S&P’s most recent evaluation, the state was placed in the bottom of nine possible rankings, meaning it has the highest regulatory risk for investors, said Lillian Frederico, the company’s energy research director.  

Frederico stressed that the rankings are not intended to evaluate whether state utility regulators are doing a good job, how they are implementing state policies or if those policies are “good, bad or indifferent.” Rather, S&P looks at regulatory decisions in rate cases and other actions, based on “the comparative level of risk for investors” and for the returns on the money they invest in utilities, she said. 

Maryland’s ranking has been affected by the new commissioners on the PSC, in particular, Gov. Wes Moore’s appointment of former consumer advocate Frederick H. Hoover as commission chair. Moore (D) also named Bonnie Suchman and former state Del. Kumar P. Barve (D) to the commission. 

“Just the fact that these are different people appointed by a different governor with a different political agenda, there’s some concern that there could be shifts in policy that may or may not be favorable,” she said. “When you have uncertainty, uncertainty equals risk.” 

Transmission as Common Ground

While it may not be a direct result of rankings like S&P’s, Maryland has significantly fewer projects in PJM’s interconnection queue than its neighbors, including Pennsylvania (91), Virginia (107) and even West Virginia (14). 

Beyond the six projects awaiting interconnection agreements, Maryland also has 35 projects totaling 1,338 MW that have agreements but have yet to be built. 

Adding to investor perceptions of uncertainty, Stanek said the state has a spotty track record on permitting new transmission projects. The latest, the proposed Piedmont Reliability Project, a new 500-kV line stretching 70 miles over three counties, already is stirring the kind of local reaction ― “quick and largely fierce” ― that has stalled past projects, he said.  

While not confined to Maryland, “NIMBYism is clear,” Stanek said. “Nobody wants a transmission project in their backyard.” 

PJM awarded the Public Service Enterprise Group the contract for the line as part of its Regional Transmission Expansion Plan (RTEP) portfolio of projects costing about $5 billion, in a process the Maryland Office of People’s Counsel has criticized as not providing enough time for local review and input. 

Charkoudian also argued that PJM’s planning process for the RTEP has not considered offshore wind development on the Atlantic Coast. 

“We’re bringing massive amounts of generation onto the Eastern Shore, high-capacity offshore wind, which has the same capacity as some of the gas plants that are being defended and supported and we’re being begged to keep online,” she said. “And there’s not a planning mechanism. It is essentially … a problem for the developers or the states who want to subsidize that offshore wind to figure out how to get [it] onshore.” 

Both Charkoudian and state Sen. Brian Feldman (D), chair of the Senate Education, Energy and Environment Committee, promised new initiatives on siting and permitting in the upcoming legislative session. For solar projects that have stalled out while in the PJM queue, Charkoudian’s bill could include new incentives and could push for better planning of offshore transmission so that it will “solve Maryland load issues,” she said. 

Another possibility could be for Maryland to consider a state agreement approach (SAA) with PJM, similar to New Jersey’s, to provide the kind of long-term, integrated transmission planning the state needs for offshore wind, Charkoudian said.   

Silverman, who was at the New Jersey BPU during the SAA negotiations, said it took four years and extensive coordination between regulators and the legislature to come up with the mix of laws and regulatory actions needed to move the initiative forward.  

He again stressed the importance of regional collaboration and how the need for expanded transmission could provide common ground for states with differing policies on clean energy and grid decarbonization. 

“One of the things I spend a lot of time doing is talking to states across the political spectrum,” Silverman said. “We may not agree on the benefits of offshore wind, but I think what we can agree on is, if there’s a transmission facility that reduces consumer costs in your state, you should be for it. If it’s going to improve reliability, you should be for it, and most transmission lines meet those criteria.” 

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NARUC Offers Guidance to States on Advanced Nuclear

The National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners (NARUC) in a new report laid out many of the potential use cases for advanced nuclear technology and some of the policy considerations that surround them.

Carbon capture, district heating, desalination, mining and synthetic fuel production are all possibilities, along with gigawatts of emissions-free electricity.

Numerous technical, financial and political hurdles must be cleared before any large-scale deployment of next generation nuclear reactors can occur, along with innumerable regulatory and policy deliberations.

But efforts to clear those hurdles are underway, and advanced nuclear is gaining momentum as part of federal, state and corporate energy strategies.

NARUC and the National Association of State Energy Officials offered “Energy and Industrial Use Cases for Advanced Nuclear Reactors” as an overview of the considerations and questions facing state regulators and policymakers as the new technology advances.

“This new report is a timely resource as we explore how these reactors can be utilized not only for generating electricity but also for various industrial applications,” Nick Myers, vice chair of the NARUC Subcommittee on Nuclear Issues-Waste Disposal, said in a news release.

“By providing a detailed analysis of potential use cases, the report equips state officials with the knowledge needed to support and guide the integration of advanced nuclear energy into our broader energy strategies.”

The report defines advanced nuclear as improved versions of third generation light-water reactors (dubbed Generation III+) and new designs that may be cooled by gas, liquid metal or molten salt, and may be extremely small compared with traditional commercial reactors (Generation IV).

All have an improved safety profile and a high capacity factor, NARUC writes, and depending on their design, they may also offer modular construction and configurability, tailored size, black start capability, and flexible ramping and output.

Also, Generation IV gas, metal and salt reactors would generate process heat so great as to be useful for hard-to-decarbonize industrial applications, the report notes.

Some of the other use cases, however, could entail Generation II and III reactors expanding beyond their role as central power generation for the grid.

These include:

    • Distributed electric generation for nearby or co-located large users: This recently has become a goal for some data center developers, but drilling and mining operations also could benefit from portable micro reactors, and the Department of Defense has interest in mobile generation in the 1 to 5 MW range.
    • District heating: Light water reactors, with their lower operating temperatures, could use their waste heat to warm groups of buildings up to 100 miles away. Advanced reactors could fill the same function as part of a cogeneration system. The concept is not new — the first such system went online in Bulgaria in 1988.
    • Desalination: Removing salt and solids from water is energy intensive. India and Kazakhstan began using nuclear power for this purpose in the 1970s.
    • Direct air capture: Removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere requires heat and electricity; burning fossil fuels to generate either might tend to defeat the purpose.
    • High-temperature applications: Chemical and steel production require temperatures as high as 900 degrees Celsius, which is at the top end of the range high-temperature gas reactors are expected to reach.
    • Hydrogen: Light-water reactors can power hydrogen production through electrolysis processes. Thermochemical water splitting processes still in development would require very high temperatures that Generation IV reactors could provide.

The report concludes:

“Public utility commissions and state energy offices will play a vital role in supporting the development of advanced nuclear projects slated to begin in the next decade, so understanding potential use cases, identifying opportunities to connect the dots between larger state goals and initiatives, and considering potential challenges which might arise as advanced reactors begin construction phases will be critical in supporting these developments.”

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Brattle Study Finds EDAM Gains, Markets+ Losses for BPA, Pacific NW

The Bonneville Power Administration would earn $65 million in annual benefits from joining CAISO’s Extended Day-Ahead Market but face $83 million in increased yearly costs from participating in SPP’s Markets+, according to a new Brattle Group study that is sure to further inflame the ongoing debate over day-ahead markets in the West.

The BPA Day-Ahead Market Participation Benefits Study, which examines scenarios for 2032, extends similar findings to the rest of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) system.

“We find that if most of the Pacific Northwest, including BPA, joined EDAM, customers in the region would see a cost reduction of $430 million per year,” Brattle Principal John Tsoukalis, lead author of the study, said in an Oct. 9 press release accompanying the study.

By contrast, PNW net system costs would collectively increase by $18 million under a situation in which most of the region’s entities participate in Markets+, Brattle found.

In the study, the PNW system includes BPA, Avista, PacifiCorp’s West balancing authority area, Portland General Electric (PGE), Puget Sound Energy, Seattle City Light and the numerous public utility districts that largely rely on BPA for low-cost power to serve electricity customers in mostly rural areas of Oregon and Washington.

The report is the latest in the series of Western day-ahead market studies performed by Brattle, the most recent being a white paper comparing key features of the EDAM and Markets+. (See Brattle Study Likely to Fuel Debate over EDAM, Markets+.) It was not commissioned by BPA, but rather by a group of Northwest-based EDAM proponents, including the Northwest & Intermountain Power Producers Coalition (NIPPC), NW Energy Coalition (NWEC), PNGC Power and Renewable Northwest, as well as GridLab.

Those organizations have been firmly in the camp of electricity sector stakeholders who have argued that the West must create a market with the largest possible footprint — and that pointedly includes CAISO — to allow participants to fully tap the “diversity benefit” of resources and loads that would become available from such an arrangement. The Brattle BPA study throws its weight behind that argument.

“The key benefit differentiator in customer cost savings between the two markets is the diversity of the generation resource mix available in an EDAM footprint, which includes the Pacific Northwest as well as parts of the Southwest,” Brattle said in its press release.

Study Structure

The BPA study participants included the Balancing Authority of Northern California, El Paso Electric, Idaho Power, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, NV Energy, PGE, PacifiCorp, Public Service Company of New Mexico, Sacramento Municipal Utility District and other utilities, transmission owners and independent power producers.

Those participants “helped refine our model by performing full reviews of relevant modeling assumptions including transmission rights, transmission costs, load forecasts, fuel prices, generation mix and costs, etc.,” Brattle said, calling out PacifiCorp and PGE among the “several” reviewers that “were able to provide details relevant to BPA’s system.”

Brattle worked with the Northwest Power and Conservation Council to fine-tune its flexibility modeling of BPA’s hydroelectric system, assuming the federal power agency’s ability to dispatch its fleet would be the same across all market scenarios.

The BPA study was conducted “using a nodal production cost model of the [Western Interconnection] with added markets, transmission rights and contract-path trading functionality.” It chose 2032 as the study year “to reflect the first decade of markets operations, representing an intermediate year that captures known changes in resource mix and transmission infrastructure.”

The study models a “business as usual” (BAU) case that reflects current utility participation in markets and the known decisions on day-ahead markets (all for EDAM at this point), as well as two “market participation” cases. In the Markets+ case, BPA and almost all utilities presently uncommitted to a day-ahead market join the SPP market, while an EDAM case shows all existing Western Energy Imbalance Market (WEIM) participants either remaining in that market or joining EDAM.

The study also models two extreme weather events, each based on a historic cold snap and heat wave.

“These events are modeled as single weeks in which we increase modeled loads (peak and energy) and gas prices, including gas price volatility beyond typical weather-normalized values to reflect the increased strain on the system and the ability of markets for addressing such strain,” the study said.

The study’s transmission assumptions include a “detailed view of the physical transmission system and long-term (contractual) transmission rights”; multiple trade type options between BAAs; and “GHG unit-type-specific trading structure which closely mimics the unit-specific GHG import tracking and charge structures in the EDAM and Markets+ designs.” It also assumes participants will make all their transmission available to the market, except where study participants have called out specific carveouts.

‘Key Differentiators’

BPA’s $65 million estimated benefit from participating in EDAM came down to two key factors, Brattle said.

The first is the expectation that BPA will reduce its adjusted production costs (APC) by $43 million in the CAISO market because of increased sales revenues stemming from higher prices in EDAM during the hours when the agency usually sells power.

The second factor is a projected increase in BPA’s congestion revenue from zero in the BAU case to $166 million in EDAM, a product of “the amount of transmission BPA brings to the market, its advantageous position in the EDAM footprint, and price deltas between” California and the Pacific Northwest.

While the study found that BPA’s congestion would average about $4/MWh in both markets, the agency’s congestion revenues in EDAM would be double those of Markets+ because of its higher trading volumes in the CAISO-run market.

On the downside, Brattle found BPA’s EDAM benefits would be partially offset by a $114 million loss in bilateral trading revenues and $37 million loss (to $2 million) in short-term wheeling revenues — the outcome of declining bilateral activity.

“Bilateral trading revenue falls more in [the] EDAM [case] as almost all of BPA’s trading partners are in the EDAM,” the study found.

In the Markets+ case, BPA’s increased costs stem in part from a projected $87 million drop in bilateral trading revenues, the result of many — although not all — BPA trading partners joining the agency in the market.

But the key difference between the two cases relates to production costs. In Markets+, BPA’s APC is projected to increase by $72 million because of slightly lower prices in that market during some intervals when the agency sells its power.

“The impact on prices is mostly in overnight hours, driven by the higher opportunity for increased thermal resource dispatch efficiency during these hours in the Markets+ footprint relative to the EDAM or BAU cases, which is driven by higher gas prices in the Pacific Northwest compared to the Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions,” the study said, adding that the opportunity for that kind of dispatch efficiency isn’t available under BAU because of “trading hurdles” between the Northwest, Southwest and Rockies region.

“The increased thermal dispatch efficiency and lower prices in the Markets+ footprint benefit net buyers in the PNW through reduced purchase costs but reduces sale revenues to the detriment of net sellers in the PNW such as BPA.”

On the plus side, Markets+ would increase BPA’s congestion revenues by $88 million, while short-term wheeling revenues would remain nearly flat, at an estimated $38.9 million.

“Market congestion, bilateral trading revenues, short-term wheeling revenues, and APC savings are the key differentiators of BPA’s net benefits between EDAM and Markets+,” the study said.

PNW Findings

The Brattle finding that EDAM’s benefits for the full PNW system would far outpace those of Markets+ could be the most significant point of the study for many in the region. It could also stir the most controversy in the debate over the two markets.

The study found that the $430 million in savings in EDAM derive from a $171 million reduction in APC, “driven mainly by higher sales revenues in EDAM for the region” and $651 million in EDAM congestion revenues. Those benefits would be offset by a $283 million decline in bilateral trading revenues and a $66 million loss in short-term wheeling revenues.

The cost increase for the Northwest under the Markets+ case was largely attributed to lower sales revenues, which left the region’s APC net of revenues $18 million higher than in the BAU case.

Reached for comment, BPA spokesperson Doug Johnson said, “BPA did not participate in and has not yet reviewed the study. We will attend the Oct. 17 webinar hosted by the study’s authors and will comment on the results after we better understand the study’s methodology, inputs and findings.”

SPP spokesperson Meghan Sever said the RTO was preparing a statement on the Brattle study.

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NYPA Enters Renewable Development with 3.5-GW Plan

The New York Power Authority (NYPA) has compiled a 3.5-GW package of 40 potential projects as it moves into its new role as a renewable energy developer. 

NYPA issued a draft of its first Renewables Strategic Plan at its Oct. 8 board of directors meeting. It lays out basic details of the 40 projects, 30 of which would be undertaken by private sector entities in partnership with NYPA, 10 by NYPA itself. 

The plan also recaps changes the authority has made in the 18 months since being vested with increased responsibility in the state’s clean energy transition. 

The 40 proposals entail solar and battery energy storage systems and span every corner of the state, though few would be placed in the densely populated New York City region. 

The proposals are open to a 60-day public comment period, and their viability will be assessed through review of their economics, community impacts and real estate considerations before being added to the portfolio. 

NYPA expects substantial attrition, however. The report did not quantify this, but a NYPA executive at the meeting said attrition is likely to be in the 80 to 85% range for early stage projects, which is in line with industry averages. More mature projects could see 30 to 60% attrition. 

This was quite a letdown for advocates who had pressed long and hard for the state to take a more active role in renewable development.  

The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) has extensive involvement in promoting and facilitating renewable development but does not itself undertake projects. 

NYSERDA has achieved mixed results in a state where energy development has long been known to be expensive and slow. These chronic factors were joined with acute national and international financial factors that led to mass cancellations of renewable contracts in New York in the past year.  

NYSERDA is attempting to pull off a turnaround but has a long way to go. 

As a result, the state is on course to miss its goal of 70% renewables by 2030, possibly by a wide margin. 

The Public Power NY coalition and other advocates had long sought to shift some of the emphasis in renewables away from the private sector and toward the public sector.  

They succeeded during negotiations for the 2023/24 state budget, which included provisions authorizing and/or directing NYPA to develop renewables alone or in partnership, conduct workforce training for the renewables industry, set up a bill credit system for low- and middle-income utility ratepayers and shut down its fossil-burning peaker plants. 

Public Power had been optimistic that NYPA could achieve results faster and at lower cost than the private sector, given NYPA’s access to low-cost capital and its independence from investors demanding return on their capital.  

“NYPA has had over a year to plan for these contingencies, and should have planned to build enough capacity to account for attrition,” Public Power said in a prepared statement. “By only proposing 3.5 gigawatts, NYPA is setting the stage to fail to meet their own inadequate targets.” 

The coalition said: “The Renewables Strategic Plan is an abrogation of NYPA’s responsibility to ensure that the state reaches 100% renewables by 2040, and their duty to New Yorkers to build a better future for future generations.” 

‘All Hands on Deck’

Asked for comment, NYPA did not directly address the suggestion that the fate of the energy transition depends on its actions, but said it was proceeding with due diligence. 

The Strategic Plan does lay out actions NYPA has undertaken in the past 18 months — created a new business unit, recruited personnel to run it, made regulatory filings, formed a subsidiary, issued a $100 million bond, and sought partners and proposals.  

The document indicates the 40 projects are only the initial tranche; the plan must be updated every other year, and NYPA plans to develop as much renewable capacity as its funds allow. 

This expanded role for NYPA was not supported by the energy industry. The Alliance for Clean Energy New York, for example, said it would place NYPA in unfair competition with the private sector. ACE NY pressed instead for NYPA to concentrate on developing transmission, a chokepoint in renewables development. 

(NYPA, the nation’s largest state public power organization, operates more than 1,550 circuit-miles of transmission lines.) 

ACE NY Executive Director Marguerite Wells said via email that the draft plan was comprehensive and could move the state closer to its clean energy goals and that partnering with private developers where possible is the right move for NYPA.  

She added: “We don’t want to create scenarios where NYPA is competing with private developers on new projects, but we know there is going to be enough demand in the coming years and decades [and] we will need all hands on deck, and all ideas on how to build renewables faster are welcome.” 

NYPA would not say what percentage of the 40 projects are new and how many are reboots of projects that previously held contracts issued by NYSERDA. 

NYPA said project costs were not known at this early stage and estimates would not be made public. It also could not say which projects would support Renewable Energy Access and Community Help, the mechanism by which it will assist lower-income ratepayers, because that program still is in development. 

The 10 self-developed projects NYPA is proposing would all be solar arrays. They would total 203.9 MW and be completed from late 2027 to late 2028. 

More than 170 entities responded to NYPA’s request for information to identify parties interested in collaborating with NYPA. So far, NYPA has qualified 84 developers and investors and has negotiated with several of them.  

Nine entities are listed as co-developers with NYPA on the 30 projects: Acquest Development, Boralex, ConnectGen/Repsol, CS Energy, Forward Power, NextEra Energy Resources, Oriden, Teaches Energy and YSG Solar. 

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NYISO Extends Reliability Needs Assessment Comment Period

In response to stakeholder criticism, NYISO has updated its draft Reliability Needs Assessment to include an executive summary and appendices, and extended the comment period on the report to Oct. 14.  

“We definitely heard stakeholders’ concerns about not having enough time to review the complete report with the executive summary,” Ross Altman, senior manager of reliability planning for NYISO, told the Transmission Planning Advisory Subcommittee on Oct. 9. “So, we tried to shift the schedule up a little bit on that.” 

Altman said NYISO would try to address the comments for the next version of the RNA, to be presented Oct. 21 to the Electric System Planning Working Group meeting and Oct. 24 to the Operating Committee. 

“As one of the people who asked for more time, I want to say thank you for giving us a little bit more time; it’s appreciated,” said Kevin Lang of Couch White. 

Stakeholders spent most of the meeting discussing the results of the RNA, which predicted that on a peak summer day with expected weather conditions (95 degrees Fahrenheit), New York City would be deficient by 17 MW for one hour in 2033, rising to 97 MW for three hours in 2034. The analysis suggests that the ISO needs to declare an official reliability need for the city’s capacity zone. (See NYISO Draft RNA Finds Reliability Need for New York City.) 

The discussion focused on whether that was actually significant, or if it was a result of uncertainties in NYISO’s data and assumptions. 

“So the results point to a 17-MW, one-hour deficiency 10 years from now?” asked Marc Montalvo, CEO of Daymark Energy Advisors. “Is that statistically different from zero?” 

Montalvo pointed out that the given the magnitude of the system and the uncertainties, 17 MW might just be statistical “noise.” He asked Altman how to interpret that “in an actionable way.” 

“Do we run out and do something, or do we say, ‘Look, this needs five more years of information before we even start to worry about it’?” he asked. 

Altman said that before any solution was solicited, NYISO would re-evaluate if the need still existed based on updated information. He pointed out that there were resources in development that could come online in the next 10 years but were not far enough along to meet NYISO’s base case assumptions. 

“We have an opportunity to re-evaluate next year to see if the updates would make the problem go away,” Altman said. “And then in the evaluation of solutions, we do consider which solutions are best suited for meeting this need, but we have to have a solution. … We can’t just show there’s a reliability violation and do nothing about it.” 

Crypto Companies Pivoting to AI

Stakeholders also revisited NYISO’s assumption about the flexibility of cryptocurrency mining and hydrogen-producing loads.  

The ISO had issued a preliminary finding of a statewide shortfall of as much as 1 GW by 2034, but it revised its assumptions about the flexibility of such large loads during peak hours, which reduced the loss-of-load expectation to below 0.1. (See NYISO: Large Load Flexibility Eliminates 2034 Shortfall Concern.) 

But there is a very real possibility that these loads will not be as flexible as NYISO assumes. Cryptominers are increasingly shifting their facilities’ operations to training artificial intelligence. 

“There is an increasing interest among cryptocurrency mining facilities to actually switch over to doing AI, which, because of their service level agreements, is much less flexible,” one stakeholder noted. “Their willingness to do one and not the other depends on, to a large extent, the price of Bitcoin or whatever other cryptocurrency they’re mining.” A data center’s stated purpose as a cryptomining operation had very little bearing on whether it would remain as one in the future, they said. 

Reuters reported in August that technology companies are seeking the energy assets held by crypto miners as they race to secure electricity supply for AI and cloud data centers, estimating that about 20% of cryptocurrency could pivot to AI by the end of 2027. 

“We do monitor [that], but we do recognize that we don’t know exactly how they continue to evolve,” Altman said. “Any specifics you have on that, or research you’d like to share, please email” the ISO. 

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NERC Examining Lessons from IBR Standard Development

NERC’s staff are working on a “postmortem” examining the development of the ERO’s recently approved reliability standard setting ride-through requirements for inverter-based resources to identify lessons for the future, the organization’s vice president of engineering and standards told its Board of Trustees. 

“We’re trying to comprehensively map out a plan forward for the next year,” Soo Jin Kim told trustees at a special board meeting Oct. 8, referring to the work needed to meet the next milestone in FERC Order 901. The order, passed last year, requires NERC to submit standards to improve the reliability of IBRs in three tranches between 2024 and 2026. According to Milestone 3, the ERO must file standards addressing data-sharing and model validation for all IBRs by Nov. 4, 2025. (See NERC Submits IBR Work Plan to FERC.) 

Milestone 2 covered performance requirements and post-event performance validation for registered IBRs, and the standards for this segment must be submitted to FERC by Nov. 4 of this year. Those standards were the main reason for the Oct. 8 board meeting, with trustees unanimously voting to adopt the standards: 

    • PRC-024-4 — Frequency and voltage protection settings for synchronous generators, Type 1 and Type 2 wind resources, and synchronous condensers.  
    • PRC-028-1 — Disturbance monitoring and reporting requirements for inverter-based resources.  
    • PRC-002-5 — Disturbance monitoring and reporting requirements.  
    • PRC-030-1 — Unexpected inverter-based resource event mitigation. 
    • PRC-029-1 — Frequency and voltage ride-through requirements for IBRs. 

All five standards will be submitted to FERC for final approval. 

Kim said NERC’s developers will look to streamline the development cycle for the upcoming milestones by examining their experience on the Milestone 2 standards — especially PRC-029-1, which met significant opposition by industry stakeholders in multiple formal ballot rounds.  

The standard’s failure to achieve the required two-thirds segment weighted approval led the board to exercise for the first time its authority under Section 321 of NERC’s Rules of Procedure to streamline the stakeholder approval process. (See “Board Invokes Standards Authority to Meet IBR Deadline,” NERC Board of Trustees/MRC Briefs: Aug. 15, 2024.) Trustees directed the ERO’s Standards Committee to convene a technical conference to hear feedback from industry, use that input to revise the standard and post the updated standard for another ballot round.  

Board Chair Ken DeFontes praised the work of NERC’s staff adapting to these directives, which required the entire process to be carried out within 45 days (though NERC did extend balloting for PRC-029-1 to give industry more time to review the changes, meaning the results came in several days after the 45-day limit).  

Kim said NERC found the technical conference helpful to identify issues that kept industry from supporting previous versions. She suggested that when developing the Milestone 3 standards, the ERO will proactively call for similar gatherings to “get ahead of several of the technical issues that we see, particularly with regard to modeling.” 

“We’re going to try to have, not just a technical conference, but a working session where we will have breakouts, learn from what transpired during the second milestone, and try to get to the heart of the matter with regards to certain changes that need to be applied to some of the standards,” Kim said. “We agree in concept on what needs to occur with regards to modeling, [but] there’s going to be several technical sessions.” 

The board also voted to accept revisions to the charter of NERC’s Reliability and Security Technical Committee that are intended to improve the balance of industry representation at committee meetings.