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April 8, 2025

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NJ Lawmakers Sound Energy Supply Alarm

New Jersey lawmakers pushed back on the state’s all-electricity, clean-energy strategy at a heated committee hearing, urging an all-the-above approach as PJM faced criticism for failing to foresee a dramatic hike in demand that helped trigger a 20% rise in the average customer’s bill.

Facing predictions that electricity demand could rise by more than 60% by 2050, driven in part by the expected arrival of data centers, greater electric vehicle use and the state’s shift toward building electrification, lawmakers said the state needs to consider all options that could rapidly boost generation capacity. (See NJ Releases Electrification-focused Energy Master Plan.)

The turbulent, five-hour meeting convened March 28 by a Select Committee of Senators and the Assembly Telecommunications and Utilities Committee underscored the severity of the potential power shortfall facing New Jersey and its likely impact in further pushing up rates.

The two Democratic co-chairs of the meeting suggested the state needs to look beyond Gov. Phil Murphy’s (D) tight focus on renewable energy. During his seven years in office, Murphy has championed EVs, building electrification and a now largely stalled effort to create an offshore wind sector able to generate at least 11 GW.

“The storms are going to keep coming, and we need to look at renewable energies,” said Sen. Paul Sarlo (D), one of the co-chairs. “But we can’t just sit idle for the next five to seven years and not open our eyes to other concepts.”

That was the “loud and clear” message of the committee members, he said. He asked Christine Guhl-Sadovy, president of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities (BPU) and a Murphy appointee, if her agency would agree to “go forward with repurposing an existing plan for clean natural gas” while also pursuing renewable energy. Under prodding, she replied only that “we need to explore all options.”

Assemblymember Wayne DeAngelo (D), the second co-chair, said the state needs a “well diversified energy generation portfolio” that includes wind, battery storage, nuclear and natural gas. Plans to go from gas heating to heat pumps would require a major, potentially burdensome residential infrastructure upgrade, he said.

“Seventy-five percent of our homes in New Jersey are heated with natural gas. Sixty-five percent of our businesses are heated with natural gas,” he said. “And we haven’t even talked about our data centers, which are popping up all over the place.”

Republicans, who have called for the state to adopt a broader portfolio, blamed Murphy’s policies for the state’s dilemma.

“I can’t help but get the impression today that we’re here because all of a sudden the rates went up, and people are like, ‘Wow!’ … like it wasn’t foreseen or couldn’t have been predicted,” Sen. Anthony M. Bucco (R) said. “Experts have said the same thing: that we’re just not going to be able to produce enough [electricity]. … We’ve all been saying that; you can’t completely electrify the state in such a short period of time.”

PJM Criticized for Perceived Flaws

But some of the most vigorous criticism was directed at PJM and its capacity market. In written testimony delivered at the hearing, Brian O. Lipman, director of New Jersey’s Division of Rate Counsel, said that “clearly PJM is the easiest target in the room, and not without reason.”

“PJM and its markets are a significant factor as to how we got to this problem,” he said. “Everyone saw the pending retirements of generators. The issue did not come to a head because PJM was able to mask the problem with excessive available generation. The system is broken. The capacity auctions are not doing their job. The generation queue is not doing its job.”

Legislators convened the hearing to address concerns about a 17 to 20% hike in the average electricity bill that will begin June 1 as a result of a basic generation service (BSG) auction in February.

Those BSG bid prices were shaped by PJM’s capacity market auction in July, which set capacity prices at record levels, about 10 times as high as the previous auction. The auction sets the wholesale prices in the region that help shape bids in the BPU’s auction. (See PJM Capacity Prices Spike 10-fold in 2025/26 Auction.)

BPU officials say they believe the bids were inflated by PJM demand forecasts that failed to properly include all the clean capacity expected to come online.

In a March 25 letter to PJM discussed at the hearing, Guhl-Sadovy said the BPU had “serious concerns” about PJM’s plan to reduce the “recognized capacity value of generation resources” in its upcoming auction because it used the same “flawed reliability modeling” that produced the high prices. She said PJM’s Independent Market Monitor calculated the prices would have been half as high if not for those “flaws” that “severely undercounted available supply.”

“The cost of PJM’s mistakes to New Jersey consumers in the July 2024 capacity auction alone will be at least $800 million,” Guhl-Sadovy wrote. “PJM should therefore be working to ensure that no critical flaws remain in its capacity market design.”

Calculating Generator Capacity

PJM says the pending supply shortage is in part because of decarbonization efforts that have shut down older, fossil fuel-fired plants faster than new plants have come online. The RTO has been criticized for the slow pace of approvals for new generating sources, in particular renewables, although it says its new queue system will speed up the process.

Asim Haque, senior vice president for PJM, disputed the suggestion the RTO should have anticipated the “major uptick in demand.” For years demand across the system was flat. That changed recently because of data centers, electrification and onshoring of the U.S. manufacturing industry.

“The market is essentially holding a mirror and reflecting the reality of the supply-demand challenge,” he said. “And unfortunately, consumers are now seeing that on the bill side.

“If we’re all being very truthful with one another, nobody saw this coming,” he said. “We certainly saw the supply-demand imbalance sort of changing many years ago … but the demand increase, in particular, this uptick, is something that is a newer phenomenon.”

Addressing criticism of the RTO’s rules, Haque said PJM is constantly receiving stakeholder input, but it can’t change them without FERC approval.

One complication in trying to calculate supply is the variable output of some clean resources. A group of solar resources totaling 200,000 MW of capacity, for example, results in only about 20,000 MW of actual power because PJM calculates it operates at only 10% of capacity, he said.

New Jersey’s Picture

In New Jersey, which imports 35% of its electricity, the RTO predicts demand will increase by 2.8 to 4.7% over the next 10 years, Haque said. The state planned to meet that increase in large part through wind generation: Of the state’s 16,000 MW in PJM’s queue, about 12,000 MW are OSW, he said. “As we sit here right now, those projects have not materialized.”

Guhl-Sadovy said New Jersey has 79 projects in the PJM queue, mainly solar and storage that are “waiting for interconnection review to get connected to provide electricity.” She said clean energy projects could be among the fastest to start generating energy once approved, adding that the federal government disrupted that process by halting wind projects.

“The fact of the matter is that thousands of megawatts of generation were going to come online in New Jersey to support New Jersey and the PJM grid between 2029 and 2032,” she said.

Under questioning, Guhl-Sadovy acknowledged her agency suspects one reason for the RTO’s slow approval process of clean energy projects is that “PJM has made decisions that lean toward fossil fuel generation and the states that have large-scale fossil fuel generation.”

Data Center Reality?

Sen. Bob Smith (D) questioned the veracity of the claim that power-hungry data centers are driving the power imbalance. He said the U.S. Energy Information Administration has reported the state’s electric load dropped from 75.4 TW to 71.1 TW in 2023.

“You mentioned the projected increase: Our history has not been out-of-the-box demand in New Jersey, but actually, at least recently, declining demand,” he said to Guhl-Sadovy. “Do you actually have data center AI in the queue at BPU? … How do we know any of this is true?”

He said PJM does not know if the proposed AI data centers are “real or phony-baloney” and called for the RTO’s policies to be investigated, saying the specter of data center demand is a “preemptive rate increase with no basis in fact.”

Guhl-Sadovy said the question is a “great point,” adding the utilities have said they have interconnection requests from data centers and her agency is waiting for details.

Haque acknowledged that on the demand side, the industry is “legitimately struggling with sort of what is real on these data center forecasts.” One solution already adopted by some states is to put “gating criteria” on data centers that submit connection applications, requiring them to “put money down up front,” he said.

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CEC Report Shows High Ocean Energy Potential in Northern Calif., Less Down South

California has a significant amount of marine energy potential in the northern part of the state but much less in the south, a new California Energy Commission report has found. 

The report, a requirement of California Senate Bill 605, evaluated two forms of ocean energy: wave and tidal energy. Both are renewable energy resources that could provide support for intermittent renewable resources like wind and solar power, CEC staff said in an April 2 workshop on the subject.  

The report separated the state into three regions: Northern, Central and Southern California.  

Northern California, defined as the region from Bodega Bay north to the Oregon border, contains substantial areas of moderate to high wave energy within 6 miles of shore. But the region has a lower population than other parts of the California coast. 

Central California has a medium level of wave energy potential and the highest tidal energy potential, due to the large tidal inlets in the region, such as the San Francisco Bay and the San Pablo Bay. But the region has many constraints and conflicts to access its marine energy due to higher populations and ports.  

Southern California has low to no tidal energy potential due to the lack of large tidal inlets, yet has high energy demand and substantial energy infrastructure, the report says.  

Each of the three regions contains constraints, such as already being assigned as U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management wind lease areas or oil and gas planning and lease areas, or being far from onshore electrical infrastructure. 

Due to these constraints, a more realistic use of ocean energy could be for non-grid-connected applications, such as equipment in ports and harbors, marine aquaculture and scientific research equipment, the report says. The economic and societal barriers to entry are much lower in these application areas than on commercial-scale sites where developments must reach a certain size to compete economically with alternative power generation methods, the report says.  

Another possible approach to kickstarting ocean energy projects in California could be building them with offshore wind projects. The land and nearshore components of marine energy and wind energy operations could be used together, potentially reducing the overall spatial and visual impact of that supporting infrastructure, the report says.  

The report also outlined some other, more unusual, ways to use wave energy. One of those is to power underwater charging stations for autonomous vehicles.  

Next, the CEC will submit a summary report of these findings to the California legislature and Gov. Gavin Newsom. The agency also plans to engage more key stakeholders in the process because the marine renewable energy industry “is still emerging with few commercial-scale projects in operation, so the public’s knowledge on these topics is limited,” the report says. 

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Demand Curve Reset Tops NYISO Priorities in Capacity Market Review

After months of conversations with stakeholders, NYISO presented the Installed Capacity Working Group with its priorities for the Capacity Market Structure Review, with improving the demand curve reset (DCR) process and methodology topping the list.

Also on the list are winter reliability capacity enhancements; attribute-based pricing for transmission security; improving capacity accreditation and resource adequacy modeling; and redesigning the capacity zones.

Of the listed priorities, the winter reliability enhancements are ongoing as a standalone project. Brendan Long, capacity market design specialist for NYISO, said that they were occurring in parallel with the review.

Much of the morning of the all-day April 1 meeting was dominated by conversation about how NYISO would reexamine the DCR, the process by which it sets the proxy unit’s cost of new entry into the market, which in turn helps set capacity prices for the next four years. The ISO just completed the most recent reset last year.

“This effort would look to examine alternative methodologies and processes for establishing the ICAP demand curves with the goal of reducing the complexity and resource intensity of the DCR,” said Maddy Mohrman, senior market design specialist with NYISO.

Mohrman said this could include changing the demand curve shape and slope, using “empirical net cost of new entry” to set a reference price and leveraging existing publications of resource costs. But before she could proceed into detail on the ISO’s options, stakeholders immediately began asking for things to be included under the scope of the DCR review. A representative of the Long Island Power Authority asked that examining the definition of the proxy unit be included. Another stakeholder asked whether the ISO would consider adding the annual update process.

Mohrman said the ISO could look at the proxy unit definition and that the annual update process was something it would be examining as part of the review regardless.

“Nothing’s really off the table for this,” she said. “We just want to highlight some of the alternatives we’ve already identified.”

Leveraging Outside Cost Estimates

Currently the ISO hires a consultant to estimate the capital costs of each potential type of peaker plant using bottom-up engineering assessments. The assumptions used for those assessments have historically been the subject of considerable stakeholder debate. Rather than go through that process every four years, the ISO would use peaker plant cost estimates developed by external entities.

“Two organizations we could look to potentially leverage are [the National Renewable Energy Laboratory] and the [U.S. Energy Information Administration],” Mohrman said. “They regularly publish estimates of capital costs. We’re looking into that further, and that could also be used, potentially, to help the annual update process as well.”

Howard Fromer of Bayonne Energy Center said that the capital costs in New York are very different from national estimates and that costs within the state vary significantly by region. Using estimates that don’t capture New York’s realities could generate an inaccurate CONE.

Mark Younger of Hudson Energy Economics said that using external sources could waste time and effort if ISO staff ended up having to substantially adjust the external cost estimates to make them fit in New York.

Is the Demand Curve Working?

Several stakeholders questioned whether the demand curve and the CONE were appropriate market mechanisms at all. One stakeholder argued that the demand curve mechanism only worked to incentivize capacity retention and buildout if prices continued to rise. Another stakeholder representing New York City said that if the market is designed only to function upward, then it isn’t a market because it would incentivize overpaying and not price correction.

A third stakeholder, representing the transmission sector, said that in the past, the high price signals sent by the ICAP market would have incentivized new builds and eventual price competition. Currently, the price signal is high, but the vast majority of new generation is being built through state-level processes.

“We don’t have confidence that new entry will occur outside of [renewable energy certificates] and state-sponsored resources, and we don’t know what the accreditation factor change on those resources will be,” they said. “High prices could be sustained without a true competitive process capable of disciplining them. We need to make sure we don’t end up in that conundrum.”

Mohrman steered the discussion back to NYISO’s proposed solutions. She said the ISO was considering changing the shape of the demand curve. The curve has been linear since it was put in place in 2003.

“Alternative shapes and slopes may more accurately value resources according to their contribution to reliability, compared to this linear curve,” she said. “This may also address some stakeholder concerns that the current demand curve structure may result in wealth transfers to incumbent resources.”

Younger said that going with a steeper curve would result in more uncertain revenues and could possibly result in out-of-market actions, which may increase risk. Another stakeholder agreed, saying the steeper the curve, the greater price volatility.

Reliability Attribute-based Capacity Pricing

Michael Ferrari, a market design specialist for NYISO, took over to present the ISO’s proposal for valuing resources’ contributions to reliability via transmission security. He said the ISO is open to calculating separate resource adequacy and transmission security requirements for each locality, which would be traded separately as two different ICAP market products. This might mean creating a transmission security demand curve, transmission security capacity accreditation methods and new auction structures to solve both products.

“Potentially, as a secondary effort, we could leverage a framework to co-optimize with additional attributes in addition to transmission security,” Ferrari said. “These attributes may include … ramping inertia, voltage stability and quick cycling.”

Ferrari said NYISO would work with stakeholders to identify which additional attributes could be co-optimized with the ICAP market. He said it was possible that some attributes would be inappropriate and not work well as part of the market.

He said the purpose of all of this was to build more support for system reliability into the market.

Rezoning

NYISO divides New York into 11 capacity zones, labeled A to K approximately northwest to southeast. A is the Buffalo area, while J and K are New York City and Long Island, respectively.

The ISO wants to explore alternate ways to determine zone boundaries. This might mean exploring alternatives to the “New Capacity Zone” study, which examined deliverability across major transmission interfaces using a static set of system assumptions and conditions. The ISO is considering a probabilistic approach to identify system constraints and set zone boundaries.

The ISO is also considering increasing how frequently new zones can be considered for addition. The ISO lacks a mechanism to remove a zone and would explore whether having such a mechanism would improve price signals.

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NEMA Report Forecasts 50% Electric Demand Growth by 2050

Electricity demand will grow by 50% over the next 25 years, according to a report released April 7 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 

Data center demand is expected to grow by 300% over the next 10 years, with most of that happening in ERCOT and PJM, the study says. That represents 32% of the 1,323 TWh of forecast growth through 2037, while electrification of transportation makes up 24%. 

For the 1,360 TWh between 2038 and 2050, transportation makes up 51% of the forecast, followed by industrial demand at 28%, while data centers represent just 1%. 

The overall projected growth works out to 2% per year and follows years of low load growth across most of the U.S. as energy efficiency offset new sources of demand, NEMA CEO Debra Phillips said on a call with reporters April 4. 

“This 50% growth that we’re looking at over the next 25 years is fairly remarkable, and our grid wasn’t designed really to meet that,” Phillips said. “So, we’re going to have to get creative around the technology and policy solutions that are going to help us meet the demand.” 

The new growth will require new generation, transmission and other infrastructure, but Phillips said the industry would need to do more to maintain reliability. 

“We’ve grown more efficient over time,” Phillips said. “It’s been key to us keeping that demand curve flat in recent years, and we’re going to continue to get better in that efficiency space. And so that, I think, is the real difference maker in our study versus others, is that we’re really leaning into that concept of efficiency, and our products really enable that.” 

NEMA represents manufacturers of the grid’s backbone infrastructure, including lighting, motors, wire and cable, she said. 

While demand is forecast to grow the fastest in PJM and ERCOT in the first half of the forecast, the shift to EVs in the second means the West and Northeast should see the highest rates of growth, Phillips said. Between now and 2050, electricity is expected to grow from 21% of final energy use to 32%. 

In terms of new generation, the report forecasts its capacity will grow by 43% to 1,761 GW nationally, with most of the growth in renewables and storage as fossil generation declines slightly. NEMA’s forecast has 409 GW of gas running by 2043, while the U.S. Energy Information Administration expects the gas fleet to total just 126 GW by 2050 and a National Renewable Energy Laboratory study has it falling to 189 GW by 2050. 

NEMA is releasing the study after President Donald Trump announced wide-ranging tariffs, which will impact manufacturing supply chains around the globe, include the group’s members. Since 2018, NEMA members have invested $185 billion in domestic manufacturing, and its goal of reshoring some industry aligns with Trump’s goals, Phillips said. 

“Another aspect of the trade world that the electrical industry finds itself in is an ecosystem that’s very connected in North America,” Phillips said. “So, trade with our Mexican and Canadian partners is really important.” 

The three largest North American countries have designed their entire power systems together, so NEMA values certainty and predictability around the trading rules and tariff rates between them, she added. 

Predictability is important to the future of that continental trading relationship, ABB Executive Vice President Michael Plaster told reporters on the NEMA call. 

“We have a switch gear plant in Mebane, N.C.,” Plaster said. “We have a switch gear plant in Mexico, and they make the same thing. And to be able to flex when there is a crisis is really important, without having to wonder how much is it going to cost us to flex like that.” 

Predictability is important, but the tariffs are going to have cost implications because going back to a world where everything is made for domestic consumption in each country is not cost effective, S&C Electric CEO Anders Sjoelin said on the call. 

“There will be a cost adder,” Sjoelin said. “And we’re going through that because some of the components and parts that [go] into your product [are] hard to make yourself because [they’re] not part of your core. … I’m discussing that today with my team.” 

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NERC Board Approves Cold Weather Standard

NERC’s Board of Trustees on April 4 approved the ERO’s new cold weather reliability standard, bringing to a close a development that saw the board use its special authority to streamline the normal stakeholder process for the second time.

The board unanimously found that EOP-012-3 (Extreme cold weather preparedness and operations) is “just, reasonable, not unduly discriminatory or preferential, and in the public interest.” The standard will be submitted to FERC for final approval.

In her presentation to the board, Soo Jin Kim, NERC vice president of engineering and standards, reviewed the sometimes unorthodox process that brought EOP-012-3 to its final state. FERC kicked off the chain of events in June 2024 by approving the standard’s predecessor EOP-012-2 while ordering a set of “targeted modifications” to be completed by March 27.

NERC first approached the project through its normal standards development process, assigning the task to Project 2024-03 (Revisions to EOP-012-2). But the draft standards created by the team failed to meet the two-thirds, segment-weighted approval of stakeholders, required for passage, in two formal ballot rounds by December 2024, leaving the ERO’s management concerned about being able to satisfy FERC’s directive.

With the commission’s deadline looming, the board agreed in January to invoke Section 321 of NERC’s Rules of Procedure for the second time in five months. (See NERC Board Invokes Section 321 Authority for Cold Weather Standard.) The board ordered NERC’s Standards Committee to work with stakeholders and ERO staff to prepare a standard that satisfies FERC’s order, post it for a 45-day public comment period and then submit it to the board after revising it in response to stakeholder feedback. Additional formal ballots were not required under the board’s directive.

The SC formed a group of volunteers, including some members of the 2024-03 drafting team, to revise EOP-012-2. After completing their work, they posted a draft of EOP-012-3 for comment in January; the comment period ended March 12. This left only 15 days before the standard was due to FERC, and NERC formally requested the commission to extend its deadline to April 14, which FERC granted on March 20 (RD24-5). (See NERC: Cold Weather Standards Now Expected in April.)

Kim identified several themes in industry responses to the draft, which the SC addressed in the final standard. First, the team revised the proposed definition of “generator cold weather constraint” — a condition that precludes generator owners from implementing freeze protection measures — to “clarify the scope of … measures that may be precluded by a constraint.” In addition, the final standard will require GOs submitting constraint declarations to add an attestation signed by a company officer.

Commenters also raised concerns about the standard’s requirement that corrective action plans (CAPs) addressing cold weather reliability events be implemented by the start of the next winter season after the event — a mandate that stakeholders said could place unfair pressure on utilities that experienced events late in the season. Kim said the team responded to this concern by clarifying the criteria for “early season CAPs,” without specifying what changes were implemented.

Kim added that the final standard provides for a “compliance abeyance period.” This measure provides a two-year window during which regional entities will not take action against utilities for failing to comply with requirements concerning generating units’ extreme cold weather temperature — defined as the lowest 0.2 percentile of a unit’s winter temperatures since 2000 — as long as the utility is “acting in good faith to comply with the standard in accordance with the implementation plan.”

Board Chair Suzanne Keenan noted this will be the first standard to have such an abeyance period, one of “a lot of firsts” that the project entailed. These include the first time requesting an extension from FERC, the first time approving a standard without a successful stakeholder ballot and the first time holding an open board meeting on “such a difficult topic” without a closed meeting beforehand.

Keenan emphasized that “the board doesn’t take lightly the action before us,” adding that “if this were easy, we wouldn’t be here now.” She also referred to NERC’s Modernization of Standards Processes and Procedures Task Force, which the board created at its previous meeting in February, and expressed hope that the group could “reimagine how we get [standards] done to avoid this in the future.”

Trustee Sue Kelly, the board’s liaison to the SC, praised the committee’s work under pressure, first to create the new standard and then to revise it after the comment period. She said NERC was “in a much better place than we otherwise would have been” without the committee’s work.

Trustee Ken DeFontes, who was chair both times the board invoked Section 321, echoed Keenan’s thanks for the SC’s efforts while reiterating his belief that the special action was necessary to satisfy the commission’s order.

“It’s clear to me that we have been as reasonable and thoughtful as we can possibly be to make sure that we’ve considered all the feedback from the stakeholders, and I think we have found the right place to balance those concerns while still assuring that we have a standard that will address the risks that we understand are real,” DeFontes said.

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FERC Leaders Focused on Stability amid Political Shifts

LA JOLLA, Calif. — FERC Chair Mark Christie and Commissioner Judy Chang downplayed the current political environment’s impact on the agency, saying during an industry meeting April 3 that its role is to follow the law and ensure the fairness of procedures.

Stability comes from the commission’s dedication to following the Federal Power Act and the Natural Gas Act, Christie said in a conversation with New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner Gabriel Aguilera during the spring meeting of the Committee on Regional Electric Power Cooperation and Western Interconnection Regional Advisory Body.

FERC’s decisions affect whether investors will put up “literally hundreds of billions of dollars into the assets that we need to invest in,” Christie said. “There has to be a certainty and a stability before those investors are going to put up that kind of money to build the assets that we all know we need.”

Christie also stressed that the commission will adhere to its ex parte rules.

“We’re going to follow the procedural rules. There’s not going to be any violation of our ex parte communications, and we’re going to follow the statutes that apply to each case, whether it’s Federal Power Act; whether it’s Natural Gas Act,” Christie said. “If you’re following the statutes and your procedural rules, that’s where credibility comes from. And we are.”

In a separate panel moderated by Washington Utilities and Transportation Commissioner Milt Doumit, Chang said the new administration will not change FERC’s mission of “keeping the lights on.”

However, she noted “nervousness” around voluntary retirements spurred by the Trump administration’s deferred resignation offer to the entire federal workforce in January.

“There are some uncertainties, but I think we’re keeping … our eye on the road,” Chang said.

Markets in the West

The two FERC commissioners also praised efforts to create day-ahead markets in the West in reference to SPP’s Markets+ and CAISO’s Extended Day-Ahead Markets. Both offered insights into how the industry can navigate issues between the two market options, such as seams.

Chang suggested the West look to MISO and SPP, which have created operating agreements and task forces to navigate seams, she said. She urged stakeholders to avoid imposing barriers to “allow the efficient exchanges to occur and trades to occur.”

Washington Utilities and Transportation Commissioner Milt Doumit and FERC Commissioner Judy Chang | © RTO Insider

“Avoid locking in historical patterns, because when you start creating new markets, things are going to change, or policies might change, or generation fleets mix might change, or transmission buildout will change the flow,” Chang said. “Try to be flexible to future changes. And that includes, really, all kinds of parameters around market design.”

Christie emphasized the importance of state regulators collaborating to tackle challenges.

“You can have the bigger meetings where 90% of the people there are not state regulators, and they’re there with their own interest,” Christie said. “And that’s fine, as long as you, as state regulators, set aside time where you all go in a room and you talk to each other about how you’re going to work through these challenging issues.”

Chang’s Goals

Chang, who joined FERC in July 2024, laid out her goals before her term expires in June 2029.

The West’s market evolution is a priority, with Chang saying she wants “to understand it; to help you develop what you need for your customers.”

Other focus areas include resource adequacy, the interconnection queue and transmission planning.

“I think the rules in [Order] 1920 are very solid,” Chang said. “I would love to see parts of the country, maybe the whole country, implement better transmission planning and cost allocation and get some very needed transmission at least developed, maybe not in my term, but at least prepared for in the future.”

Chang also said she “would love to see more advanced technologies be implemented as part of transmission buildout, because I think we have an obligation to serve customers in the most efficient way, and we can squeeze more out of existing infrastructure and new infrastructure.”

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EDAM Congestion Debate Builds Even as CAISO Moves to Address Issue

LA JOLLA, Calif. — The dispute over how CAISO’s Extended Day-Ahead Market will allocate congestion revenues to market participants might induce a sense of déjà vu among Western electricity sector stakeholders who have closely followed the development of the region’s day-ahead markets.

Last year, a January deep freeze that put much of the Northwest on the brink of rolling blackouts set off a heated debate between supporters of EDAM and SPP’s Markets+. That dispute centered on how CAISO allocated the revenues it collected from the transmission congestion stemming from the weather event. That controversy became a kind of proxy for the competition between the two markets. (See NW Cold Snap Dispute Reflects Divisions over Western Markets.)

A similar development appears to be playing out this spring, even as most Western utilities already have settled on which day-ahead market they will join — although a handful remain uncommitted. The dispute is over the rules by which EDAM will allocate congestion revenues when a constraint in one EDAM balancing authority area produces “parallel” — or loop — flows that result in congestion in a neighboring BAA.

The issue came to light after PacifiCorp in January filed a revised Open Access Transmission Tariff with FERC to reflect the utility’s participation in EDAM, scheduled to begin in 2026.

Shortly after the OATT filing, Vancouver, British Columbia-based energy trader Powerex — a PacifiCorp transmission customer that has committed to joining SPP’s Markets+ — released a paper pointing to what it called a “design flaw” in EDAM because the market’s rules do not offer “a financial hedge that returns the day-ahead congestion charges on a delivery path back to the entities with firm transmission rights on that delivery path” — as required by FERC. (See Powerex Paper Sparks Dispute over EDAM ‘Design Flaw’.)

CAISO and PacifiCorp initially responded sharply, calling Powerex’s paper “misinformed and inflammatory,” but the ISO in March kicked off an “expedited” stakeholder initiative to address the issue after other Western entities filed similar complaints in the FERC docket for the OATT (ER25-951).

The issue was the key agenda item at an April 2 in-person meeting of the Western Energy Markets Body of State Regulators (BOSR), held in La Jolla at the site of the joint spring conference of the Committee on Regional Electric Power Cooperation and Western Interconnection Regional Advisory Body (CREPC-WIRAB).

Speaking to the BOSR, Anna McKenna, CAISO vice president of market design and analysis, emphasized that while the ISO is moving quickly to address stakeholder concerns, it disputes the contention that the market’s existing congestion revenue framework is inherently flawed. (See Fast-paced Effort will Address EDAM Congestion Revenue Issue.)

“I know that there’s been a perception out there that, because we started an initiative, we’re admitting that there’s some fundamental flaw in the EDAM design. We wholeheartedly disagree,” McKenna said.

McKenna said the new initiative is “revisiting” what CAISO thought was just and reasonable in light of FERC’s approval of the EDAM tariff in December 2023.

“And, by the way, what we have in EDAM is something that’s been in place for 10 years now under [CAISO’s Western Energy Imbalance Market]. … So there was really no change in how that congestion revenue is going to be allocated in EIM and EDAM,” although there will be different implications for the day-ahead market, she noted.

MISO Monitor Weighs in

McKenna delivered her presentation a few days after a new twist in the dispute, when Powerex on March 28 filed additional comments with FERC in the PacifiCorp OATT docket.

The comments included expert testimony from David Patton, president of Potomac Economics, which serves as the Independent Market Monitor for MISO and ERCOT and provides monitoring services for ISO-NE and NYISO.

“All other organized markets provide financial transmission rights that correspond to all of the constraints that are priced in the markets’ LMPs, which is the basis for the congestion costs charged to customers,” Patton wrote. “In sharp contrast, PacifiCorp proposes to only provide a hedge for congestion associated with constraints on PacifiCorp’s system, and no hedge for congestion costs associated with all other constraints in EDAM.”

Patton contended PacifiCorp “has proposed an unprecedented and ultimately unreasonable treatment of its firm transmission service and the customers that have purchased it.” He said the proposal is “clearly inferior to both the financial transmission rights RTOs and ISOs provide their firm transmission customers and to the physical scheduling rights firm transmission customers receive in non-market areas … under the pro forma OATT.”

Patton warned that the lack of “effective” congestion hedges could increase long-term grid reliability risks by deterring investments by “risk-averse market participants.” He said PacifiCorp “could meet the requirement for transmission service that is consistent with or superior to the pro forma OATT, despite the incomplete nature of the current EDAM design,” by submitting a revised OATT that preserves the ability of the utility’s customers to opt out of EDAM “and schedule the use of their firm transmission service ahead” of that market.

In an email to RTO Insider, PacifiCorp spokesperson Omar Granados said the utility “is proceeding toward the implementation of the approved EDAM design in 2026 and continuing to work with market participants and other stakeholders to implement those design features to maximize benefits for participants and support grid reliability. PacifiCorp will engage with stakeholders in the pending FERC proceeding and the CAISO stakeholder process on congestion to address any questions or concerns.”

Patton’s testimony also criticized EDAM itself, saying “the design of EDAM substantially deviates from the design of other day-ahead markets in how congestion costs are collected and distributed back to the EDAM participants.”

“It is highly problematic and somewhat misguided to allocate congestion revenue based on where the transmission facility is located rather than based on the sources and sinks where the congestion revenues are actually collected,” he added.

But Patton also acknowledged that EDAM is not like the other markets he monitors because it does not include other elements of an RTO, such as consolidation of balancing authority areas and transmission service providers.

At the BOSR meeting, McKenna said EDAM provides a “unique” design in that it does not force transmission owners to turn over control of their lines to the market operator, allowing each to determine how to spread congestion revenue allocations among transmission users.

She also argued that implementing a financial instrument such as congestion revenue rights would not solve the problem of which BAA receives revenues stemming from congestion caused by parallel flows.

McKenna expressed confidence in CAISO’s ability to address the issue.

“We’re not unique in that every RTO and every ISO has had to make many filings that impact its markets over the years. That is the nature of markets: learn, react, form, and you proactively address things,” she said.

“I think it’s a good point you made: that markets are not static and continue to evolve as we identify potential improvements or changes — and that’s good, because we get to keep our jobs,” New Mexico Public Regulation Commissioner and BOSR Chair Gabriel Aguilera said.

Henrik Nilsson contributed to reporting in this article.

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Holtec’s Palisades Restart Fends off Challenge from Anti-nuclear Groups

The planned restart of the Palisades Nuclear Plant survived a challenge from anti-nuclear organizations March 31, with a panel of judges of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission deeming their arguments inadmissible. 

The three judges on the NRC’s Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel declined to grant a hearing to a coalition of anti-nuclear groups: Beyond Nuclear, Don’t Waste Michigan, Michigan Safe Energy Future, Three Mile Island Alert and Nuclear Energy Information Service. 

The panel said the coalition’s arguments against steps to resurrect southwest Michigan’s Palisades either lacked factual support or were outside what the NRC was specifically considering for the plant (50-255-LA-3). The groups sought to dispute an exemption and amendments that owner Holtec International first sought from the NRC in 2023. 

To restore Palisades, Holtec needs an exemption on the permanent reactor shutdown certifications granted to the previous owner, Entergy, as it was closing the plant in 2022. The certifications prohibit operation of the reactor or placement of fuel into the reactor vessel. Additionally, Holtec needs four license amendments that will allow it to refuel the plant and restart operations as early as fall 2025. The quartet of amendments would alter technical specifications, revise an emergency plan to support the return of operations and update the methodology for studying the potential consequences of a main steam line rupture. 

Beyond Nuclear and others entered a request for hearing of Holtec’s exemption and amendment requests in February. (See Anti-nuclear Groups Challenge Palisades Reopening.)  

But the panel said the groups and their experts made “bald assertions” about the safety of the plant, the time and costs of repairs, and Holtec’s supposed inexperience with nuclear operations. The judges said the groups’ claims that a restart would not be in the public interest “are conclusory and speculative.”  

They also said the groups’ demand that Holtec obtain a new operating license for Palisades and a fresh environmental impact statement were beyond the scope of the hearing request. The groups had said that Holtec should not be able to seek amendments or exemptions on the existing operating license because it no longer allows reactor operations or fuel in the reactor vessel. 

“The commission has determined that restart requests will be evaluated using the agency’s existing regulatory framework, which provides for license amendment requests and requests for exemptions from regulations,” the judges said. “Therefore … claims that applicants’ operating license may not be amended or that applicants may not seek exemptions from regulations amount to an impermissible challenge to agency policy and regulations.” 

On the matter of requiring an EIS, the judges said the groups merely speculated as to what environmental harms may occur from resurrecting a partly decommissioned plant. 

The judges rejected the groups’ criticism that the NRC is “cobbling together” a restart authorization because it has no dedicated regulatory procedure for restarting a closed reactor. The judges decided their argument is inadmissible because it “challenges NRC regulations and policy, relies on conclusory and speculative claims, and does not otherwise raise a specific challenge to the four license amendment requests that are the subject of this proceeding.” 

The groups contended Holtec should not get a license exemption under hardship provisions because the company knowingly entered “a difficult situation of its own making” by buying a plant entering decommissioning and then pursuing a restart. They also said Holtec did not prove its restart activities should be categorized under special circumstances that should earn a deviation from normal rules. 

But the panel decided those arguments were vague and did not see how they supported denying the exemption request. 

The judges did not terminate the proceeding because the anti-nuclear coalition has put forward more challenges to the NRC’s environmental assessment of Palisades.  

Groups Keep Sounding Safety Alarm

However, the groups said they were ready to appeal the decision and go to court over the state of Palisades steam generator tubes, which they say are degraded. 

Arnie Gundersen, an engineer at anti-nuclear nonprofit Fairewinds Energy Education and an expert witness for the coalition who testified at the pre-hearing trial, maintains that the Palisades steam generators have formed stress corrosion cracks. 

“During my 53 years of professional experience, I am unaware of any steam generator, with so many previously known and newly identified flaws, that has not been replaced,” he said in a press release following the panel’s decision. Gundersen added that he had “never been more concerned about the safety of a nuclear power plant.” 

The groups contend that Palisades’ original owner, CMS Energy, told the Michigan Public Service Commission in 2006 that the steam generators needed replacing. Entergy did not pursue replacements during operations from 2007 to 2022 because the NRC did not require it, the groups said. Holtec estimated in 2022 that steam generator replacements would cost about $510 million. 

“The Japanese parliament concluded that the root cause of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear catastrophe of 2011 was collusion between the safety regulator, Tokyo Electric and government officials,” Beyond Nuclear’s Kevin Kamps said in the same press release. “There is such potentially catastrophic collusion in spades at Palisades, between the ASLB and NRC, Holtec and government officials here. The entire Great Lakes region is being put at risk.” 

Meanwhile, Holtec’s progress on Palisades continues on other fronts. On March 17, U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright announced a $56.8 million loan disbursement for Holtec, the second part of the Department of Energy’s $1.52 billion in loan guarantee for Palisades. 

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FERC Approves Increase in MISO Value of Lost Load to $10K

FERC on April 4 gave MISO the go-ahead to set its value of lost load (VOLL) at $10,000/MWh by early fall, nearly three times as high as the current $3,500/MWh value (ER25-579). 

The new VOLL can take effect Sept. 30, FERC said. It would be used as a price cap for locational marginal prices and market clearing prices during load-shedding events. 

In the same order, FERC also greenlit changes to MISO’s operating reserve demand curve (ORDC), which establishes shortage pricing and is linked to the VOLL. 

Though it can implement the $10,000 VOLL in load shedding, MISO proposed its ORDC peak at a lower, $6,000 VOLL and stay there until about 50% of cleared operating reserves materialize. From there, the curve will slope downward until MISO can confirm more than 80% of cleared operating reserves, at which point the curve becomes two steps: $1,100/MWh until 88% of reserves show up, and $600/MWh until 100%. 

MISO’s current curve sits mostly at $1,100/MWh and $2,100/MWh across two large, flat steps before it tops out at $3,500/MWh. 

The commission decided it was appropriate that MISO be allowed to use two VOLLs, one to set the ORDC and one to estimate the financial blow of shedding load across all customer classes. It said the higher VOLL and more nuanced ORDC “will give market participants efficient financial incentives to respond to scarcity and shortage conditions and act in ways that support system reliability in MISO by either increasing supply or reducing demand.” 

MISO proposed the steeper VOLL at the beginning of 2024; staff said the too-modest $3,500/MWh was set in 2007 and is outdated, no longer reflecting the threshold of customers’ willingness to pay. (See MISO to Limit Use of $10K VOLL During Long-duration Outages.) 

MISO’s Chuck Hansen has said in stakeholder meetings that $10,000/MWh is “a low-end estimate of the negative financial impacts associated with MISO-directed firm load shedding.” He pointed out that MISO has only directed load shedding once in the past 17 years, ordering about 700 MW offline in MISO South during February 2021’s Winter Storm Uri. 

While explaining MISO’s filing to the Market Subcommittee in August 2024, Hansen said MISO “qualitatively” expects the higher scarcity price ceiling to make loss-of-load events rarer and shorter lived, as members are motivated to reduce consumption. He likened a higher VOLL to police using tickets to deter speeding. 

“If the speeding ticket is $2, who cares? If the speeding ticket is $200, well, that’s different. It needs to be high enough that some demand does not want to pay that much,” Hansen said. 

The commission dismissed Cooperative Energy’s criticism that MISO’s capacity auction already delivers revenues that incent new generation builds. The Mississippi cooperative said a higher VOLL would “add a reactive and punitive component to the market design.” 

FERC countered that the VOLL is a needed indicator of when to build. 

“While an appropriate VOLL does guide investment and retirement decisions in the long term, we emphasize that shortage price signals in the day-ahead and real-time markets, which are developed through the VOLL and ORDC, are also near-term signals to incent real-time actions by generation and demand resources during [or before] the operating day … to avoid potential shortage conditions,” FERC said. 

Finally, FERC said the so-called “circuit breaker” that MISO worked into its VOLL design should assuage Cooperative’s fears that the higher value could bankrupt utilities and strain customers’ pocketbooks. The circuit breaker refers to MISO sequentially lowering VOLL during extended load-shedding events. 

MISO plans to cut the VOLL in half to $5,000/MWh after four hours of firm load shedding during a maximum generation emergency. When active load-shedding measures are not lifted in time for MISO’s 10:30 a.m. ET day-ahead market closing, the RTO will extend the lower, $5,000/MWh VOLL into the next operating day. For load shedding that continues into a second day and beyond, MISO will slash its day-ahead and real-time VOLL to $2,000/MWh for successive operating days. 

The $2,000/MWh step can continue indefinitely until the maximum generation emergency is terminated and normal operations resume. RTO staff chose the $2,000/MWh amount partly because it is the hard cap on incremental energy offers, as dictated by FERC Order 831. MISO said it wanted to limit prices for extreme, dayslong outage events. 

“MISO’s proposal strikes a reasonable balance by more accurately reflecting load’s willingness to pay and by providing protection to consumers by limiting the duration of their exposure to higher prices that could result from its proposal,” FERC wrote. 

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EPSA Conference Tackles Markets in a Time of Rapid Demand Growth

WASHINGTON — Load growth caught off guard an industry that was in the middle of a spate of retirements of older fossil fuel-fired power plants, but the markets are starting to respond, experts said at the Electric Power Supply Association’s Competitive Power Summit on April 2.

PJM expects load growth of 32 GW from last year to 2030 when its peak will hit 184 GW, mostly from new data centers coming online in its footprint, said its CEO, Manu Asthana. The RTO is dealing with that through its Reliability Resource Initiative, which recently received 94 applications to build resources that will keep the grid stable in the near term. (See PJM Receives 94 Applications for Expedited Interconnection Process.)

“We’re seeing a reaction,” Asthana said. “We’ve seen over 1,000 MW of generation rescind their retirement notices. We have seen almost 27 GW come into our Reliability Resource Initiative.”

On the morning of the event, it was announced the former Homer City coal plant in Pennsylvania was being redeveloped around natural gas to serve data centers, which comes a few months after the Three Mile Island plant signed a deal with Microsoft to reopen to serve a data center, Asthana said. (See Data Center Campus with up to 4.5 GW of Gas Generation Planned for Pa.)

Policy changes can help with the issue too, Asthana said. The backup generation at data centers as a potential resource cannot be used, he said, because they most often have diesel generators that have limited run-times in their permits, so their ability to offer demand response is limited.

“If we can access that flexibility — or through policy changes, increase that flexibility — even if it’s for a transitional period, I think you can serve more data centers,” Asthana said. “It’s not that we’re short every hour of the year; we’re short some hours of the year.”

PJM is worried about the end of this decade, but MISO has been dealing with a system running at its reserve margin target since 2022, said Todd Ramey, the RTO’s senior vice president of markets and digital strategy. Some of its states are pushing policies to deal with climate change that have retired baseload power plants and favored renewables for new resources, which cannot replace dispatchable power plants on a one-for-one basis.

“So, over the last few years, we rapidly worked down our surplus spinning reserves and kind of hit the minimum,” Ramey said. “Once you get to minimum, it really is all hands on deck at that point — just to figure out what we can do to maintain.”

Several years after that first started, MISO faced zero demand growth. It now expects growth of 2% annually for the next five years, jumping up to 3.5% in the 2030s. In 15 years, MISO expects demand to grow by 60%.

NERC expects summer peak demand to grow by 132 GW around the continent over the next 10 years and winter peak to grow by 150 GW, while 115 GW of older power plants retire, said Camilo Serna, the ERO’s senior vice president of strategy and external engagement.

“More than 50% of the U.S. is at risk of resource energy adequacy issues, so … we’re going to be running very, very tight,” Serna said.

Another issue is the growing use of natural gas on the system, which is concerning in the winter when demand for direct heating use competes with power generation, especially during weather events.

“Weather patterns today are kind of longer, deeper and impact a broader set of regions,” Serna said. “So that will continue to create a lot of resource adequacy issues.”

For years the industry tricked itself into thinking that extreme weather events — such as the 2014 polar vortex, which roiled PJM’s energy markets, and 2021’s Winter Storm Uri, which led to hundreds of deaths in Texas and spiking prices around the country — were random and rare, Asthana said. “I think the lesson from that really is that we need to think differently about resource adequacy.”

NYISO has made changes around its winter requirements, so CEO Rich Dewey said he feels more comfortable about reliability in the season as his operators can call on a fleet of dual-fuel generators to meet demand during cold snaps. But New York faces issues around keeping old legacy plants online for the foreseeable future.

Dewey started his career as a power plant engineer for Niagara Mohawk. He said he was working on plants that were expected to shut down in 2000 and still are running.

“And we’re counting on them being there for at least the next 10 years of our planning horizon, and there is nothing lined up to replace them,” Dewey said. “So, I worry about that. I worry about the adequacy that the plant owners have to do the necessary maintenance and life extension, which is going to be so crucial. I worry about having the right kind of incentives.”

One of the resources New York planned to replace such plants with was offshore wind, which ran into cost overruns and supply-chain issues before an unfriendly administration took over in Washington. Another issue the Trump administration has put front and center in New York and other Northern markets is tariffs.

NYISO has set up rules to collect tariffs on any imports that flow into its system from Canada, though Dewey would prefer not to use them as the trade is mutually beneficial. New York sets its reserve margin and capacity market inputs around some baseline of imports from Canada.

“If we get into a situation where the politics escalate and we suddenly can’t count on that for anything anymore, then there’s going to be a real reliability issue,” Dewey said.

Another issue that tariffs cause for the industry is exacerbating supply chain worries around key grid components like transformers, Asthana said.

“We have 31 tie lines with Canada,” Serna said. “The systems are designed to work together electrically. So, besides the energy adequacy issues that Rich was pointing to, there are some other reliability services that we count on the two systems providing to each other: voltage [and] frequency support. So, if you have an extended period where you don’t get that power from Canada, there could be other implications beyond just having enough energy to meet demand.”

The changes in demand have changed the discussion around new generation, with Vistra CEO Jim Burke saying he had to explain why new natural gas generation is in vogue recently to a conference of oil and gas executives.

“I think the solution set of wind, solar and battery is not set up at the moment to meet 24/7 loads that [data centers] have,” Burke said. “It’s also not set up to meet the retirement of coal and the growth on the electric grid. So, gas has proven itself as a more near-term, viable, dispatchable, reliable solution.”

Debating which specific technology is needed to meet the rising demand is a 1990s issue, Competitive Power Ventures CEO Sherman Knight said. The industry needs to build everything it can.

“If you let the markets work and you send the right price signals, it will react, and we will react to that,” Knight said.

In addition, “taking off the handcuffs” from every type of technology so it can help meet the demand will enable the industry to rise to the challenge. And in the case of markets, both Knight and Burke noted they will pay the price for any wrong bets as they have before.

Vistra’s predecessor firm made a bad bet on building a new coal plant in Texas after Hurricane Katrina caused natural gas prices to spike, Burke said.

“We brought the plant online in 2011, and by 2018 we retired that plant because natural gas prices due to fracking had come down so dramatically,” Burke said. “We wrote off over $1.25 billion as a company. We did not seek any recovery of that. That should be on us; we made a bad decision. The customer didn’t pay for that, and that’s something I think competitive markets are not given enough credit for.”

Earlier in the day, FERC Commissioner David Rosner read off a list of billions of dollars that different organized markets reportedly have saved consumers over the years.

“What’s great about markets?” Rosner said. “It allows us to do more with less. It allows us to optimize around the generation and transmission assets that we have and efficiently use the system.”

While it would help to get better forecasts on what actually is going to show up on the grid, regulators can be certain that demand will rise, he said.

“In places where we have markets, the goal is to make sure that we have a set of rules in place that fit the needs of what businesses want to do,” Rosner said. “I personally don’t have a ‘one-size-fits-all’ in mind on this.”

Rosner said he’s hopeful the commission will be able to set some rules on data center co-location so the industry can move forward and meet that demand.

“The only other thing I’d say is I hope that our open proceeding doesn’t discourage people who have developed things that they might want to bring to the commission from doing that whenever it’s ready, because I personally am willing to consider things on a case-by-case basis,” he added.