WILMINGTON, Del. — A first-read proposal to disband a deadlocked Financial Transmission Rights/Auction Revenue Rights (FTR/ARR) Senior Task Force drew a strong reaction from stakeholders, with some expressing fears the dissolution might lead to a unilateral filing by the PJM board and others who said it was time to move on to other issues.
“We did reach consensus on one thing,” task force facilitator Dave Anders told the Markets and Reliability Committee on Thursday. “The group felt that it was not likely that there was anything more fruitful we could do with the FTRSTF.”
However, he said there was a chance one package that had garnered nearly 50% approval at the task force might win broader support with modifications.
“Members can make a motion at the MRC or [Members Committee] to propose something they feel might be able to reach a supermajority sector-weighted vote,” he said. “It did seem in the task force discussions that there’s a possibility out there — we just hadn’t latched on to it yet.”
The task force, formed last spring, was charged with evaluating causes for FTR underfunding and determining stakeholders’ expectations of ARR and FTR.
Stu Bresler, vice president of market operations, agreed with Anders. “We’ve been at this for a while and we’ve been unable to receive stakeholder consensus on a package of proposals. … We’ve seen an increasing percentage of stakeholders who say they want to see a change from the status quo. What is the expectation on the part of the stakeholders of how that might happen?”
Steve Lieberman of Old Dominion Electric Cooperative took Anders up on his offer and asked for a chance to draft a proposal for consideration at the next MRC meeting.
But others, including Bruce Bleiweis of DC Energy, who served on the task force, said it was time to move on.
“This is not the first task force that’s discussed this issue,” Bleiweis said. “This has gone on for years. There’s a large percentage of people who have been at the task force who have not offered alternatives, but they vote that they want change. The skeptical part of me asks, why do people want to keep having these discussions? Is it if we keep talking about these issues, [the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission] won’t act, PJM won’t act?
“I think the task force has been done for a while. We haven’t seen anything come out of the task force that would have a meaningful impact.”
Susan Bruce of the Industrial Customers Coalition said that while a majority of stakeholders might want change, the change they want varies widely.
“I want to make sure it’s clear from an industrial customer perspective that we have voted that we’re looking for change, but the definition of change that my clients are looking for and the definition of change that others are looking for may be different.
“The change that we’re looking for is incremental, if you will, and it is not fundamental,” Bruce said.
WILMINGTON, Del. — PJM likely will recommend reducing a proposed $30,000 fee for studying transmission projects of $20 million or more.
PJM has deferred filing the plan with FERC pending further review, Paul McGlynn, general manager of system planning, told the Markets and Reliability Committee on Thursday.
McGlynn said that as planners were preparing the filing, data indicated that the fee might be more than necessary to cover the costs of internal labor and external consulting associated with the competitive windows during the approximately two-year trial period.
The fee proposal was approved Feb. 26 by the MRC and Members Committee after the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission rejected as discriminatory a previous plan to apply the fee to all greenfield projects but not upgrades of less than $20 million. (See FERC Rejects Fee on Greenfield Transmission Projects.)
McGlynn said the decision was based on the increased number of projects being considered under this new approach along with the most recent data drawn from the limited 2014 proposal windows.
“We just wanted to give you a heads-up that we will delay filing it and will update the proposal to some amount other than $30,000,” he said.
PJM had planned to ask FERC for approval that would affect the window that ended in February. Now, McGlynn said, “It likely will not be in effect for any proposal windows this year.”
A revised proposal is expected to be presented at the Planning Committee next month.
PJM: Mistaken LOC Credits Total $7M to $15M
PJM this week expects to finalize the amount of money it will seek from generators that mistakenly received lost opportunity costs when they were on forced outages and ineligible, Chief Financial Officer Suzanne Daugherty told the MRC.
Daugherty said staff had narrowed the total overpayments over two years to between $7 million and $15 million. The next step is to break down the cost by generator.
“It’s taking time to do this,” she said. “We are having to look at reporting data systems that have not been designed to interact with each other.”
While Daugherty said it’s likely the erroneous payments extend before April 2013, the Tariff allows the RTO to recover only 24 months’ worth.
Affected generators will begin being contacted this week, she said. Following these conversations, billing adjustments will be appearing in the June month-end statements, she said, and might roll into July’s bills.
The compensation applies to combustion turbines that are scheduled in the day-ahead energy market but are not committed in real time. However, if they are not able to operate in real time, they are not eligible for the credit. (See PJM to Recoup up to $15 Million in Mistaken Lost Opportunity Costs.)
Members OK Gas-Electric Initiative
The committee approved a problem statement and issue charge to review options for moving the day-ahead energy market and reliability unit commitment timelines in response to FERC’s final rule on coordinating gas and electric schedules.
The initial proposed solution involves shrinking the amount of time, from four hours to three and a half, that PJM has to resolve offers.
In a related discussion later in the meeting, stakeholders expressed concern that the earlier the offer deadline is moved, the less accurate a load forecast will be due to lack of good information about impending weather and gas trades.
Joe Wadsworth, who made a presentation on behalf of Vitol, raised several concerns, including that robust natural gas trading does not occur before 9:30 a.m. and often is later, especially in the winter. And, he said, trading is unlikely to shift earlier regardless of whether PJM moves up its day-ahead bidding. In addition, he said in his presentation, “Sequencing of NYISO’s DA market clearing well in advance of PJM’s DA bidding deadline is critical.”
The next educational session on the issue will be held following the June 10 Market Implementation Committee meeting.
Interim Fee for Virtual Transactions Fails
Two proposals from Inertia Power to impose a temporary $0.07/MWh uplift charge on virtual transactions failed — not surprising given the reception on their introduction in April. (See Cool Response to Proposed 7-Cent Fee on Virtual Transactions.)
One proposal would have imposed the fee on up-to-congestion bids (UTCs), increment offers (INCs) and decrement bids (DECs); the other would have applied to UTCs only. The first proposal failed with only 26% support; the alternative motion fell short at 31%.
The proposals would have expired in six months or upon FERC approval of an alternative. Transactions placed between September 2014 and the effective date of the filing would not have been affected.
“We haven’t been able to reach consensus. We need something to protect the market in the interim,” said Noha Sidhom in making the case for the proposal.
The fee, she said, would provide transactional cost certainty as well as a new revenue stream for uplift as the system heads into volatile summer months. It also would give insight into what a permanent fee could look like.
The proposal was in response to a Section 206 proceeding ordered by FERC to determine whether PJM is improperly treating UTCs differently from INCs and DECs.
While INCs and DECs are charged uplift and subject to the financial-transmission-rights forfeiture rule, UTCs are exempt from both. UTC trading volumes crashed after Sept. 8, the refund-effective date set by FERC for any uplift assessments.
Those who supported the fee pointed to the fact that at least it would constitute something rather than nothing.
“We’re not sure FERC is going to order retroactive refunds,” said Dave Pratzon of GT Power Group. “If they don’t, you might have a period of six to nine months where you’re collecting revenue where you don’t have that now.”
Some also worried that a large refund could potentially bankrupt some financial participants.
The Independent Market Monitor, represented by Howard Haas, led the opposition to the measure.
“We think this is an end-run around the EMU process,” he said in an interview after the vote, using a shorthand reference for the Energy Market Uplift Senior Task Force (EMUSTF).
If implemented, the proposed fee would replace an allocation of uplift charges in any retroactive collection ordered by FERC, he said. By relieving such pressure, it would remove the incentive for financial participants to reach a solution at the task force, he said.
And he said, “The jury is still out on the benefits of virtuals, particularly UTCs.”
Manual Changes Unanimously Endorsed
Members endorsed the following manual changes:
Manual 36: System Restoration — Annual review. Adds detail about when PJM assumes control and when it returns to normal operation. Also adds guidance on completion of interconnection checklist. Effective: June 15.
Manual 03: Transmission Operations — Updates index and operating procedures for PJM RTO operation (nuclear station voltage limits, operation procedures with neighboring systems and operation procedures for AEP, ComEd, Dominion, PPL, UGI, PSEG and PECO.) A change to section 2.1.1 adding a requirement that load dump rating be at least 3% higher than emergency rating was removed due to differing ideas over what it meant. The issue will return to the committee later. Effective: June 1.
Manual 38: Operations Planning — Makes minor changes due to system upgrades and specifies periodic review of IROL facilities. Updates the study process for transmission reliability analysis procedure. Effective: June 1.
The Independent Market Monitor for the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative found no evidence of anti-competitive conduct in the CO2 allowance secondary market, according to its report.
Potomac Economics found that the average transfer price of CO2 allowances during the first quarter of 2015 was $5.46, approximately 5% higher than in the prior quarter and 41% higher than the first quarter of 2014. The clearing price in Auction 27, held on March 11, was $5.41, which was consistent with secondary market prices leading up to the auction.
RGGI Reorganizes Executive Board
A Connecticut regulator has assumed the chair of the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative.
Katie Dykes, deputy commissioner for energy at the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, became the new chairwoman on Friday, replacing Kelly Speakes-Backman. The executive committee includes Joseph Martens, commissioner of the New York Department of Environmental Conservation, vice chair; Thomas Burack, commissioner of the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, secretary; James Volz, chairman of the Vermont Public Service Board, treasurer; and David Small, secretary of the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, member-at-large.
Biographies of executive committee members and of the entire RGGI board are available here.
State lawmakers have overwhelmingly approved a bill that would ban power companies from signing up residents for variable-rate electricity contracts. The measure, which would take effect Oct. 1, now goes to Gov. Dannel P. Malloy, who is expected to sign it into law.
The legislation attempts to quell a source of consumer complaints against third-party suppliers who seek to switch residents from the state’s two utility-managed standard-generation offers.
Although the bill would prohibit suppliers from signing up customers for variable-rate plans, it does not ban variable rates outright. The majority of residents with variable electric plans do not sign up for such plans; they are rolled over into a variable plan by their suppliers at the termination of their fixed-rate plans. The legislation requires regulators to address this issue.
Proposed Gas Rate Changes Would Increase Larger Users’ Cost
The state’s chemical industry is fighting a proposed Delmarva Power & Light natural gas rate plan that would lower costs for residential customers while increasing charges by 6 to 30% to larger users. The utility proposed the changes after a consultant for the Public Service Commission said last year that some gas customers appear to be subsidizing larger, bulk purchasers. “A potential 25% natural gas cost increase to Delaware businesses is not the message that the state should be sending,” Josh Young, executive director of the 14-member Chemical Industry Council of Delaware, said in a letter to the PSC. For residential customers, the changes would mean a 1.4%, or $1.75, decrease in bills for an average winter month.
A public workshop is scheduled for Wednesday in Wilmington. The PSC said a decision could come by the end of the year.
Exelon’s Nukes in Limbo as Legislature Ignores Bill
Three clean power bills — including one backed by Exelon to support three of its struggling nuclear plants — have stalled in the General Assembly. Part of the legislature’s delay relates to the surprise results of MISO’s Planning Resource Auction, which is expected to result in higher rates next month. (See related story, Public Citizen to FERC: Investigate Dynegy Role in MISO Capacity Price Jump.) “There are an awful lot of questions, some of which arose after the auction,” said Steve Brown, spokesman for House Speaker Michael Madigan.
On Monday, in an 8-K filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, Exelon said that it doesn’t expect the legislature to pass its proposed Low Carbon Portfolio Standard during the current session. The company has said that without the revenue the legislation would bring in, it might have to close the plants in Byron, Quad Cities and Clinton. (See Exelon-Backed Bill Proposes Surcharge to Fund Illinois Nukes.)
In April, Exelon Executive Vice President Joseph Dominguez had said the company wouldn’t wait until the fall veto session for an answer. Last week, however, the company appeared to be more flexible. “We remain open to participating in any and all discussions designed to enact a legislative package,” the company said.
Northern Indiana Public Service Co. will reimburse customers nearly $1 million and reapply for any rate increases under a settlement reached with the Utility Regulatory Commission. The settlement, a response to a state Court of Appeals ruling that overturned the IURC’s previous approval of NIPSCO’s seven-year infrastructure modernization plan, will result in refunds averaging about $6 per customer.
The settlement covers only NIPSCO’s electric customers. A separate plan covers the company’s gas customers.
The Office of Utility Consumer Counselor and some of NIPSCO’s industrial customers appealed the company’s seven-year plan, saying they were concerned about double recovery and the accuracy of the company’s rate-based investments.
The Legislature’s Energy, Utilities and Technology Committee on Thursday scuttled Republican Gov. Paul LePage’s energy proposals in a 7-6 party line vote.
LePage’s proposals would have made sweeping changes in longstanding state energy policies designed to encourage renewable energy development and to fund efficiency programs. They included a repeal of the state’s renewable portfolio standard and a measure that would require utilities to provide a credit “backstop” to help large businesses expand natural gas pipeline capacity. One bill would cut conservation programs by returning a larger share of revenue from a regional carbon credit auction.
LePage’s energy director, Patrick Woodcock, said that he hoped some elements of the governor’s proposals could be resurrected this year.
Two-Year Fracking Ban Enacted as Hogan Declines Action
Hogan
Gov. Larry Hogan last week allowed a state-wide fracking ban to take effect without his signature.
When the ban passed in both houses of the General Assembly with a veto-proof majority, Hogan said he would neither sign the law nor veto it. The deadline for action passed Friday night, and the ban will go into effect on Oct. 1.
Sponsors of the bill said the ban would allow scientists the chance to study the potential environmental impacts of fracking. Hogan had called fracking an “an economic gold mine” during his 2014 election campaign. But since taking office in January, he had been quiet on the issue.
Protesters Interrupt Snyder; Call for Action on Enbridge Pipeline
Environmental activists opposed to an aging Enbridge oil pipeline interrupted a speech by Gov. Rick Snyder at the 2015 Mackinac Policy Conference, before being escorted out of the conference.
The protesters are calling for the closure of the 61-year-old Enbridge Pipeline No. 5, which carries crude oil from northern Wisconsin to southern Ontario beneath the Straits of Mackinac. They cited studies from an environmental nonprofit that question the pipeline’s structural integrity.
Pipeline safety is a looming issue, especially in Michigan. Just last week Enbridge reached a $75 million settlement with state environmental regulators related to a 2010 spill into the Kalamazoo River. Cleanup for that spill, which is ongoing, has already cost the company $1.21 billion.
PUC Approves $250 Million Geronimo Energy Solar Project
The Public Utilities Commission has approved a $250 million solar project comprised of 21 facilities throughout the state.
The sites for the Aurora Solar Project are mostly in rural Minnesota near established transmission lines. The power will be sold to Xcel Energy. It will be the largest solar installation in the state and increase the state’s solar output by a factor of seven. Surprisingly the project beat several natural gas projects in the bidding process.
“This signals that something big is happening in solar energy in Minnesota,” said Michael Noble of Fresh Energy, a non-profit solar advocacy group. The PUC rejected three other sites because of local zoning rules.
Literal Power Struggle Keeps Revel Casino from Opening
A legal standoff between the developer that bought Atlantic City’s Revel complex out of bankruptcy and ACR Energy Partners, its sole power supplier, will keep the shuttered casino at the complex from reopening this summer.
Glenn Straub, the developer who bought the casino, agreed to a tentative deal with ACR to keep the building minimally powered while he looks for a way to either connect into the Atlantic City Electric grid or tap into the defunct Showboat casino next door, which is now owned by Stockton University. Straub’s company, Polo North Country Club, is battling ACR over fees. The state’s second tallest building was without power for three weeks after ACR pulled the plug April 9 following the bankruptcy sale. State officials have ordered the two companies to keep the building’s fire-suppression powered. The parties also are dueling over who owns $40 million in electric equipment that connects ACR to the complex.
NYISO is changing its Consumer Impact Analysis, a process that evaluates the impact of market administration projects and rule changes, to improve transparency and provide more opportunities for stakeholder input.
The Consumer Impact Analysis evaluates the potential impact of changes based on reliability, environment, cost and transparency. The revised process will give stakeholders notice at the outset of a market design initiative if a project is expected to have a major consumer impact. Stakeholders will receive a description of the methodology to be used in the impact analysis, the results of which will be presented at least 30 days prior to stakeholder votes.
The changes incorporate feedback received from end-use consumer representatives, other market participants and policymakers.
Some residents in Walnut Grove, a town of about 1,500 located on top of potential shale gas reserves, are objecting to a state plan to conduct core sampling on publically owned land to explore for natural gas.
“The community we love is in the middle of a David-and-Goliath battle with big industries that seem to care very little about the people in the area we call home,” town resident Tracy Brown Edwards said. Walnut Grove already hosts the third-largest coal ash dump in the state.
The legislature approved fracking last year but almost immediately issued a moratorium while legal challenges are prepared.
PUCO Delays Decision on AEP’s Coal Rider Until PJM Capacity Auction, FERC Ruling
The Public Utilities Commission said it would wait until after the PJM capacity auction to rule on American Electric Power’s request to guarantee rates from its aging coal plants in return for a vow to keep them operating.
The commission in February approved most of AEP’s three-year security plan but rejected the company’s guaranteed-income request. Two other utilities — FirstEnergy and Duke Energy — have similar requests pending before the commission.
The commission said it wants to see the results of the PJM Base Residual Auction, and the final outcome of the state’s plan to meet the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Power Plan, before ruling. The auction for 2018-19 should have taken place in May, but it was delayed to give the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission time to approve PJM’s Capacity Performance proposal. That reform is expected to benefit coal plants in PJM, including those in AEP’s fleet.
Gov. Mulls Ban on Fracking Bans After Texas Passes Similar Law
A law prohibiting local government bans on fracking is awaiting the governor’s signature.
The Senate voted 33-13 on the bill — which also prohibits local bans on wastewater disposal wells — at the urging of the oil and gas industry. The industry has faced increased pressure from communities where fossil fuel opponents have made headway after Denton, Texas, last year voted to ban fracking within town limits. Denton is located in the heart of the Barnett Shale region.
The industry argues that regulation of oil and gas development comes under the aegis of state or federal regulators, not local officials.
Coal Alliance: Benefits of Clean Power Plan Overestimated
Pennsylvania Coal Alliance CEO John Pippy says the federal government has underestimated the cost of imposing regulations related to the Environmental Protection Agency’s Clean Power Plan and overestimated its benefits.
Washington needs to consider the effect of forcing coal plants into retirement, Pippy told the Pittsburgh Business Times. “There’s no place to sell the coal right now,” he said.
Last week, Murray Energy and Alpha Natural Resources announced layoffs of more than 2,000 people. Alpha plans to close its Emerald mine in Greene County by the end of the year. Consol Energy has said it will reduce its state mines to a 32-hour workweek.
Wolf Nominates Environmental Professional to Seat on Public Utility Commission
Gov. Tom Wolf nominated a gas industry executive and climate change researcher to the Public Utility Commission. Andrew Place, EQT ’s corporate director for energy and environmental policy, would take the place of outgoing Commissioner James H. Cawley.
“Andrew Place brings the knowledge and expertise to help advance my vision for the PUC, and I am pleased to nominate him,” Wolf said. “We must ensure there is a balance between consumers and utilities. We also have to develop Pennsylvania’s abundance of energy resources to make sure we have the infrastructure to support the natural gas and other energy industries.”
Place has degrees in economics and public policy and worked as a research fellow at Carnegie Mellon University’s Department of Engineering and Public Policy, becoming an expert in carbon capture and sequestration.
Qualifying electric vehicles bought or leased and registered in the state will be eligible for rebates of up to $2,500 beginning June 15.
The total pot of money available for consumers is $682,500, and it will be doled out on a first-come, first-served basis. Drivers of zero-emission battery electric vehicles will get $2,500. Those that lease or buy plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will receive $1,500.
Dealerships will be responsible for filing a claim and then will give the money to their customers.
Xcel Energy is asking state regulators to raise its fixed monthly fee for electricity and natural gas customers, rather than seeking an increase in usage rates.
Xcel wants to increase the fixed monthly customer charge from $8 to $18. The company said it would decrease its usage rate by about 0.7 cents/kWh. The increases would boost electricity revenue 3.9% and gas revenue 5%.
Regulators in neighboring Minnesota this year rejected a similar request by Xcel to increase the customer charge. Customer advocates said fixed-fee increases penalize smaller users and reduce the incentive to conserve. The company argues that bigger fees provide for a more equitable recovery of costs to maintain distribution networks. “The nature of the electric grid is going to change,” an Xcel executive said. “The grid is there and costs something regardless.”
Manitoba Hydro has asked the Public Utilities Board for a 3.95% increase in its electricity rate to cover increased borrowing costs, especially for projects like the Keeyask plant. The request comes after the utility received a 3.5% increase in 2013 and a 2.75 % interim increase in 2014.The Consumers’ Association of Canada and the Manitoba Metis Federation have told the PUC they oppose the rate increases, which they say will hurt lower-income customers. Consumer advocates also noted that Manitoba Hydro has said it will seek a similar increase next year.
Keeyask is a 695-MW hydro station being built on the Nelson River. When completed it will be the company’s fourth largest hydro station.
INDIANAPOLIS — MISO will release the results of its latest resource adequacy survey later this month, after a survey last year caused alarm, with forecasts of capacity shortages in three zones in MISO North and Central.
How bad will the new numbers be? And how can MISO increase its reserve margins in the future? Those were among the topics that dominated discussion at Infocast’s MISO Market Summit last week.
“We do not have a capacity shortage,” Lin Franks, Indianapolis Power & Light’s senior strategist for RTO, FERC and compliance initiatives, said flatly. “The message has been ridiculously presented to the world as if the sky is falling. The sky is not falling. It’s been very difficult with [the Environmental Protection Agency] disrupting all our planning processes, but we are rallying. We are solving it. We have an obligation to serve load and damn it, we’re going to.”
Franks
Franks found some support from Kathleen Spees, a principal of The Brattle Group. “There’s more [capacity] that gets offered than comes out in these surveys. So I’m not particularly worried that we’re really going to have a shortage.”
Snapshot in Time
Franks said the survey data, which is collected by the Organization of MISO States, makes the situation look worse than it is.
Utilities are asked, for example, about the certainty of their plans for new generation. “[You] are never certain at all until you get your certificate of public convenience and need. So it’s not a graduated certainty. It is or it isn’t, period,” she said. “What you’re seeing is a snapshot in time. It doesn’t mean that there won’t be a solution [when the capacity is needed].”
Gardner
Joseph Gardner, MISO’s vice president for forward markets and operations services, said the RTO will change how it presents the survey data in the new report. “So hopefully it will address some of those things,” he said.
There is no question, however, that MISO, which has enjoyed reserve margins exceeding 20% in the past, is facing a much tighter future.
Calls on Interruptible Loads to Increase
Gardner noted that it’s been nine years since MISO last deployed its load-modifying resources — currently about 6 GW of behind-the-meter generation and 4 GW of interruptible loads.
David Sapper, of Customized Energy Solutions, speaks as Jim Carson of RisQuant Energy (left) and Chris Plante of Wisconsin Public Service listen.
“We’re going to start having to use that quite often. I don’t expect we’ll have to use it very often this year, but we do expect to use it very often starting next year,” he said. “How often is hard to tell. It depends on what kind of a summer we have. If we have a summer like we did three years ago: not much. If we have a summer like we did two years ago: a lot — upwards of two dozen times of more.”
That could result in departures from the program, Gardner and others said.
“Essentially those interruptible customers start to look like a peaking generator,” said Chris Plante, director of resource planning and policy for Wisconsin Public Service. “Those customers … are not accustomed to regular interruptions. Our thought is that as they start to experience those interruptions, they may actually decide to leave the interruptible program and become firm load, which of course makes the situation even more tight.”
David Sapper, director of midcontinent regulatory affairs for Customized Energy Solutions, said MISO officials’ recent suggestion that they are considering testing the response of interruptible loads may also contribute to defections.
Challenges to Adding Generation
Losses of interruptible loads would make the construction of new generation even more crucial. But that won’t be easy, Plante said, because of “friction” in MISO’s interconnection process.
Plante
“You have to get into the MISO interconnection queue early enough so that you get your study results done and you get the transmission issues identified. Usually that time frame is so long that I don’t even have a good idea yet on whether I’m going to build a one-on-one combined-cycle or a two-on-one. If it’s a one-on-one, is it 400 MW or is it 450 MW? That might not seem like a big deal, but to MISO’s interconnection process it’s a big deal. You can’t go in with 400 and later say, ‘Well it’s really 450.’ You have to get out of the queue and get back in with 450.”
Plante also criticized MISO’s modeling of wind power at 100% of nameplate capacity during off-peak hours. “When my combined-cycle is modeled at 100% and the wind’s modeled at 100%, there’s all kinds of constraints. And those constraints show up in my interconnection agreement as issues that I need to resolve before I can count that generator as capacity. Depending on the lead time of those constraints, I might have to wait for 10 years [for a major transmission project] before I can get the capacity value out of that combined-cycle when in reality … we believe that off-peak wind probably won’t be at 100% and the constraints that MISO identifies might not ever show up.”
No Rescue from IPPs
Don’t expect to see independent power producers riding in like the cavalry to build new generation.
Kruse
Brett Kruse, vice president of market design at Calpine, said his company won’t build in MISO without a contract because all but two of its states are dominated by vertically integrated utilities and its voluntary capacity market provides too little revenue.
“The contract has to be 10 or 20 years depending on how much you can frontload it … where you basically have to stick all the value of your plant into that contract, because once you get out and you’re a merchant plant in a construct like [MISO], you have very little value other than what you’re seeing the IPPs in Michigan do: Either you build a line to get into PJM like [Tenaska Capital Management’s Covert, Mich., plant] did or you sell to the utilities.”
As the biggest natural gas buyer in the U.S. and one of the biggest operators and builders of gas-fired generation, “I can build … a gas-fired plant cheaper than anybody else in America. … We’re very confident we can run circles around any utility self-build in America.”
But he added, “If I went to my board and said I wanted to invest $500 million into building a [merchant] plant in MISO, they’d laugh me out of the room — and then fire me.”
Until recently, MISO’s ample reserve margins have meant there hasn’t been much need for merchant entry, said Brattle’s Spees.
Capacity Prices Too Low?
But, she said, “That’s not going to last forever. The only way it can last forever is if the regulated states overbuild into perpetuity by a sufficient margin that they can meet the resource adequacy needs of their neighbors” in Illinois and Michigan, the two MISO states with retail competition.
Spees said she sees promise in the concept of setting up a PJM-like forward capacity market for the states with retail choice.
Marka Shaw, a director of wholesale market development for Exelon, also criticized MISO’s structure, saying it is not only unable to attract new entry but also provides insufficient revenue to cover expenses for existing baseload generation, such as Exelon’s Illinois nuclear fleet.
Kruse and others agreed that MISO’s capacity prices are too low, with some noting that the $150/MW-day price seen in Illinois Zone 4 in the most recent auction — which sparked complaint to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission last week — is less than two-thirds of the $247/MW-day cost of new entry in the zone. (See Public Citizen to FERC: Investigate Dynegy Role in MISO Capacity Price Jump.)
Gas vs. Nuclear
But Kruse’s Calpine colleague, Joe Kerecman, jumped into the discussion from the audience to criticize what he called Exelon’s request for “out-of-market subsidies.” Exelon has been lobbying for the Illinois legislature for a bill that would charge Illinois electricity users a fee to ensure continued operation of three nuclear generators that the company says are unprofitable. On Monday, Exelon acknowledged that the legislation would not pass during the current legislative session.
“These plants are also getting old,” Kerecman said, accusing Exelon of abandoning its support for competitive markets. “There’s a fallacy that they won’t get replaced.”
“Clinton [one of the generators Exelon says is losing money] is one of our newest plants,” Shaw shot back.
Shaw found support in Spees, who said the relief nuclear operators are seeking is to address the unpriced cost of carbon emitted by coal and natural gas plants. “That’s a market failure,” she said.
Maggie Henry, a 61-year-old organic farmer from Western Pennsylvania, never expected to become a protester.
“I was happy working like a mule to produce food for my community,” she said.
Henry collects eggs on her organic farm in Pennsylvania. (Source: “Gas Rush Stories” documentary by Kirsi Jansa)
Her 100-acre farm in Bessemer, near the Ohio border, produced eggs, meat and vegetables for top restaurants in Pittsburgh, including the Fairmont Hotel, the Enrico Biscotti cafe and Crested Duck Charcuterie. Over four years it grew from six to 400 chickens. “I had a thriving business going! It was all I could handle,” she said.
But after a shale gas operation began drilling in a neighboring farm in 2010, she says, her life changed.
Her farm, which has been in her family for almost a century, is located above an historic oil field. Plugged wells can serve as pathways for methane and other pollutants, allowing them to seep to the surface and into aquifers.
She has a monitor that measures particulate matter that is “off the charts all the time.”
“The toxicity of the air and the contamination of the water is absolutely unbelievable,” she said. “People are covered with rashes and blisters. They experienced all sorts of neurotoxic symptoms. Their children suffer nose bleeds and asthmatic reactions.”
She blames drilling in the Utica shale for a series of earthquakes in March 2014 that she says cracked her basement foundation, drywall and chimney pipe. “When it rains, water pours through my basement wall,” she said. “That never happened before.”
In February, two pigs and a cow unexpectedly died within two and a half weeks of each other.
A year ago, she told her story in a documentary. And on May 14, she traveled to D.C. to attend the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s open meeting, becoming one of three protesters to evade a security dragnet and enter the meeting room. (See Another Meeting Day, Another Drama at FERC.)
She stood up at the end of the session, shouting “In the shale plays of Pennsylvania, you are killing people!”
She mentioned Terry Greenwood, a farmer who she said “made a chilling prediction years ago. He said, ‘First it is the animals, then it will be the people.’ We buried him in June of last year, the victim of a rare form of brain cancer,” she said.
After the FERC meeting, Chairman Norman Bay called the protesters’ repeated interruptions of the commission’s meetings “disrespectful” and noted that it is the states — not FERC — that regulates fracking.
Henry insists FERC shares responsibility because it has approved liquefied natural gas export terminals. “They are poisoning us so they can make more money selling this fracked gas overseas,” she said. “No way am I going to permit this. I intend to give voice to the struggle every chance I get.”
She stopped farming her land after the 2013 harvest, no longer able to guarantee that her products were pure.
“I don’t care about anything [else] anymore,” she said Tuesday morning, shortly before marching to FERC headquarters again with other protesters. “I have been radicalized.”
ATLANTIC CITY, N.J. — PJM’s Annual Meeting last week marked a number of milestones: It was the largest yet, with 525 attendees, and it heralded the end of CEO Terry Boston’s eight-year tenure as well as the retirement of PJM employee No. 13, Jim Kirby, after half a century.
In remarks at the Members Committee meeting that ended the three-day event, Boston employed his trademark humor. During Superstorm Sandy, Boston said, “We got caught with our plants down.”
He noted the flat demand for electricity, saying, “The load forecast is the lowest in my entire career.”
He followed that with discussions of extreme weather; the world’s largest fuel switch to low-carbon sources; the integration of demand response; and the need for more high-voltage direct current transmission.
“If we’re smart, over this next century we’ll focus on the electrification of automobiles,” Boston said, noting the rise in EV sales in the PJM footprint from nearly nothing in 2010 to about 28,000 in 2014.
He juxtaposed industry predictions from 15 years ago with the state of the market today to underscore the need to keep a balanced generation portfolio.
Fifteen years ago, he noted, gas-fired plants were to be avoided, with their high, volatile fuel prices. Wind and solar were absent from long-range plans. “The resiliency of the future is what we’re here to protect,” said Boston, who closed to a standing ovation.
“Thank you for your great and unique style of leadership,” Board of Managers Chairman Howard Schneider said, calling Boston’s tenure, “an incredible career that has improved the lives of millions of Americans.”
“Andy has led or has been intimately involved in every facet of PJM’s mission during his 18-year career at PJM, and prior to that at [General Public Utilities Corp.],” Schneider said.
Ott praised Boston for building a culture of openness and consensus-building at PJM. “You set a standard when you came on board,” Ott said. “You set an example for us all.”
Ott promised to continue Boston’s tradition, saying “I value diversity of opinion, diversity of thought.”
He added that he would work to help PJM “be more nimble, more innovative as we go forward.”
The Federal Aviation Administration will allow Xcel Energy to use drones to inspect the company’s power lines in lightly populated areas. Xcel wants to use the unmanned aerial devices to inspect lines in some inaccessible and environmentally sensitive areas.
The company said it will conduct some field tests this summer. A spokesman said the company might use drones as damage assessment tools after major storms. Some drones, if equipped with special sensors, could also be used to detect leaks from natural gas lines. The company already used a drone to inspect the inside of a massive boiler at the company’s Sherco plant in Becker, Minn.
Xcel is one of about 400 companies to get approval to use the drones. Southern Co. received FAA authorization earlier this month.
Dominion Transmission strenuously responded to a complaint before the Virginia State Corporation Commission that it misled the public about its plans to rebuild a 500-kV transmission line. Farmer Kristopher Baumann, of Rockbridge, Va., said Dominion’s inclusion of a new 230-kV line that added 60 feet to the transmission line’s towers violated terms of the project and ruined the scenic view.
The project was built “entirely within existing right-of-way” of the existing 500-kV Dooms-Lexington Line, Dominion wrote in response to Baumann’s complaint. It did acknowledge, however, that due to an oversight, the project’s website didn’t include information on the additional line. “The company has rectified this administrative oversight and the structure comparison is now accurate.”
It is now up to the SCC to determine if Dominion violated any public notice rules.
Falling natural gas prices helped make for a rosier April monthly market metrics report by MISO’s Independent Market Monitor.
Average day-ahead energy prices declined about 40% to $25.23/MWh, and real-time energy prices were $24.85/MWh, Monitor David Patton told MISO’s Markets Committee of the Board of Directors last week. The value of real-time congestion fell to $86 million — down 18% from last month and 60% from last year.
The price drop was due to lower fuel costs and lower spreads between the dispatch costs of coal-fired and natural gas-fired generation resources, Patton said.
Meanwhile, MISO’s monthly operations report to the board noted that average temperatures for the month were near-normal and that all metrics were in the “expected” status, a not all-that-common event.
Paslawski to Succeed Smith as OMS Executive Director
Paslawski
The Organization of MISO States board of directors Thursday voted unanimously to appoint Tanya Paslawski as executive director, effective June 1. Paslawski, who currently is deputy executive director, will succeed William H. Smith.
Before joining OMS, Paslawski worked for the Michigan Public Service Commission, Direct Energy and ITC Holdings. She holds a bachelor’s in political science from Oakland University and a law degree from the Michigan State University College of Law.
Smith, who has been executive director since 2004, will be retained in a part-time, emeritus role through the end of 2015 to help in the transition, OMS President Libby Jacobs said during the organization’s May board meeting. Smith’s career includes a role as government relations manager for the Iowa Utilities Board and as a legal advisor to commissioners of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
Duke Spending $1.1 Billion on New Gas Plant and Solar Farm
Duke Energy announced last week that it will spend $1.1 billion to construct a 650-MW natural gas-fired combined-cycle plant on the site of a to-be-retired coal-fired plant. It will also install a solar farm of undetermined size on the plant’s ash site. The company said it made more sense to demolish the two 51-year-old coal units at the plant on Lake Julian near Asheville, N.C., than to install new emissions controls to extend their lives.
Duke estimated the cost of the facilities at about $750 million. The company will spend another $320 million to build a new substation and a 40-mile transmission line in Spartanburg, S.C., to bring the plant’s electricity to the grid.
Duke said it would be filing a full plan with the North Carolina Utilities Commission by the first quarter of 2016.
Jennifer Murphy Hired by NARUC as Asst. Gen. Counsel
The National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners has hired a former Massachusetts regulatory attorney as its assistant general counsel.
Jennifer M. Murphy, who worked for the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities for five years, will represent NARUC before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the Department of Energy and federal courts. She will also be involved in the development and implementation of the association’s Washington Action Program and will serve on the Consumer Affairs, Electricity, Energy Resources and the Environment, and Gas subcommittees.
Murphy received a law degree from Vermont Law School and has master’s degrees in Marine Affairs and International Studies.
A Green Bay, Wis., craft brewer has entered into a partnership with Arcadia Power to purchase all its electricity from Midwest wind farms.
Andrew Fabry, president of Badger State Brewing, said renewable energy is a focal point of the company’s business plan. Arcadia, based in D.C., buys the output of nine wind farms in the Midwest and the Pacific Northwest.
National Grid Profits Up; US Investments Increasing
London-based National Grid reported $5.86 billion in operating profit for the year ended March 31, a 1% increase over the year earlier. Adjusted results, reflecting continuing operations before exceptional items, were $5.99 billion, up 5%.
The company’s regulated gas and electric operations in New York, Rhode Island and Massachusetts recorded a 3% increase in operating profit to $1.8 billion. Although it absorbed additional costs due to prolonged cold weather, the company benefited from rate increases and new customers. It also made record capital investments of $2.4 billion, boosting its U.S. rate base by 7%. U.S. operations generated an average 8.4% return on equity, down from 9% a year earlier.
“The benefit of filing and delivering effective rate cases can clearly be seen in the progress we have made with NiMo Electric [Niagara Mohawk] and our business on Rhode Island,” CEO Steve Holliday said in an earnings call. Although the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission reduced Niagara Mohawk’s allowed ROE, the company “is achieving over 95% of its allowed return in the second year of a three-year plan,” Holliday said. “That’s a very far cry from the performance in 2011, a full 340 basis points up.”
National Grid says its customers in Rhode Island who signed up for the company’s energy efficiency programs will save $427 million over 13 years. The company said 41,500 customers participated in the programs in 2014. The company has invested $102 million in the programs, funded through an energy efficiency charge on customers’ bills.
FirstEnergy Crews Use Aerial Saws for Trimming in Rural Areas
Vegetation management crews with FirstEnergy subsidiary Mon Power in West Virginia are using helicopter mounted aerial saws to trim trees in areas that are inaccessible to bucket trucks. A company spokeswoman said an aerial saw can cover in one day the work a ground crew could handle in a week.
“Suspended from a vertical boom beneath the helicopter, the saw can trim both sides of a 10-to-12-mile right-of-way in about a week,” Mon Power said. “Ground crews work in tandem with the pilot, flagging traffic and removing limbs and smaller branches from roadways, trails, waterways or other sensitive areas.”
Mon Power spends about $70 million a year on vegetation management, maintaining reliability along 4,500 miles of transmission and distribution lines.
Former Duke CEO Slams NC Lawmakers for Freezing Green-Energy Goals
Rogers
Jim Rogers, former CEO of Duke Energy, was sharply critical of North Carolina legislators after a Senate committee approved a bill that would freeze the renewable energy standard. The current law calls for utilities to obtain 12.5% of the energy they sell from renewable sources by 2021. The bill now before the Senate would freeze the standard at 6%.
“They are not focused on the future,” Rogers said of legislators. Renewable standards, he said, are “something we need to get behind and figure out how to educate those who claim to be leading us into the 21st century.”
Solar advocates say that the new measure will reduce incentives for renewable power developers. Currently, North Carolina ranks fourth in the U.S. for installed solar generation.
Customers Will Be Able to Phone in Comments on Next PPL Rate Hike
Customers of PPL Electric wishing to weigh in on the company’s latest rate increase request will be able to phone in their comments instead of attending a Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission hearing.
PPL spokesman Paul Wirth said the company welcomes the pilot program, which will be used in two of three scheduled PUC meetings. “We are in favor of getting as much comment into the process as possible,” he said. Acting Public Advocate Tanya J. McCloskey said her office will see how it works before passing judgement. “At this point, this is the first one we have tried and I’m sure we will learn a lot of lessons.”
The company is seeking a $167.5 million rate increase, representing a 3.9% jump in residential monthly bills, or about $10 a month.
NextEra North Dakota Wind Project in Limbo After County Votes No
NextEra Energy Resources said it is shelving a proposed 150-MW wind energy project near Dickinson, N.D., after opposition to the project’s location and aesthetics spurred the Stark County commissioners to deny the project a conditional use permit earlier this month.
NextEra asked the Public Service Commission to suspend its review of the project. “We’ve been talking to those who support and oppose the project as well as looking at potential changes to the project layout that would address concerns expressed by commissioners,” NextEra spokesman Steven Stengel said.
ATLANTIC CITY, N.J. — The eye of Superstorm Sandy swept over this city nearly three years ago, leaving 2.8 million residents without power. That made the Borgata Hotel Casino a fitting spot to debate the value and challenges of microgrids, Richard Mroz, president of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities, told a group at PJM’s biannual General Session.
Princeton was able to supply its most crucial power needs from on-site generation after losing purchased grid power during Superstorm Sandy.
“Sandy had a cascading effect on all critical systems,” he said, highlighting their interdependency and the role microgrids could play in strengthening their resiliency against natural, accidental and manmade threats.
Richard Mroz, NJ BPU
“It’s resulted in debates over the grid — the role of generators, distribution companies and regulators,” he said. “It’s a discussion worth all of our efforts.”
Joined for a roundtable on just that topic were Michael Burr, director of the Microgrid Institute; Lawrence Jones, North America vice president for utility innovations and infrastructure for Alstom; Micah Kotch, director of the New York Prize program at the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority; Thomas Nyquist, executive director of engineering and campus energy for Princeton University; and Thomas Fenimore, technology development manager for Duke Energy.
‘Nested’ Microgrids
Centralized grids are reliable but not resilient, Burr said. That’s where distributed energy technologies can step in.
Michael Burr, Microgrid Institute
In particular, he pointed to a trend of “nested” microgrids, where critical facilities such as hospitals and water towers that are located in different areas of town can be served by a cluster of “nodes.”
One such community is the Olney Town Center in Montgomery County, Md., part of a U.S. Department of Energy technology research program to study microgrid models. When completed in the fall of 2016, the community’s six nodes will operate together during normal conditions to maximize economic efficiency and “island” during outages to preserve resiliency.
However, there are challenges to such a model, he said. The nested architecture contains more points of coupling, requiring more interconnection and safety equipment, Burr said. In addition, non-critical loads must be disconnected during islanding.
Princeton Keeps the Lights On
Nyquist brought to the table Princeton University’s experience operating two generators on campus to serve the school’s need for power for labs and data centers. During Sandy, it was this energy independence that saved 50 years’ worth of DNA research, he said.
Princeton uses energy from the PJM grid at night, when the prices are lowest, and generates its own power during the peak period.
“We save a lot of money doing this, but it also reduces load on the grid,” he said.
Micah Kotch, NYSERDA
Kotch likened the innovation erupting in the energy industry to the disruption that tech companies such as Uber, Facebook, Alibaba and Airbnb have effected in their spaces — none owns a product, but they’re providing services that have eclipsed their brick-and-mortar competitors.
“Thomas Edison would be the first to agree that energy isn’t about moving commodity but delivering services,” he said. “Utilities have traditionally thought their business ends at the meter. That notion is fundamentally trying to change. There is this customer pull — not a top-down push — for more control.”
Outgoing PJM CEO Terry Boston agreed. “I think choice and control are going to drive microgrids as much as economic viability,” he said.
Energy as a Service
Jones also spoke of the idea of rethinking energy as a service.
Lawrence Jones, Alstom
“If kilowatt-hours are not selling, if they’re reducing … how do we evolve from a kilowatt-hour approach to more of a service model?” he asked.
He recounted the experience of one African region where residents were so used to the government subsidizing electricity that they were unwilling to pay for it. What they valued, however, was refrigeration — so they paid more for that in a bundle of services, which made up for the low price of electricity.
Such a paradigm change, Jones said, is where regulators must get involved.
Other core issues, he said, are whether microgrids can benefit the overall transmission system and how to quantify the value of distributed energy.
“How will the markets evolve?” he said. “How do we unlock the value of distributed resources? Do we keep the assumptions we’ve had?”
As for whether microgrids are considered evolutionary or disruptive, “It’s all relative to who you’re talking to,” he said, and depends on where you are in the world.
Value
Thomas Fenimore, Duke Energy
Fenimore, of Duke Energy, echoed some of Jones’ questions.
“We know how to operate and build these assets,” he said. “How do we integrate these newer technologies … and then how do we understand in a regulated space what the value of that is on the market side?”
To address the changing landscape, Duke in 2014 created the Distributed Energy Resources Group. Fenimore highlighted the company’s energy storage efforts, which charge and discharge based on market signals to help maintain grid stability.
Boston, who did his graduate thesis on the optimization of energy storage, applauded the project.
“I’m for storage,” he said, adding, “I did learn something today, and that was about the innovation and change that are inevitable here.”
PJM’s Annual Meeting in Atlantic City was a chance to meet up with old friends and say goodbye to retiring CEO Terry Boston and veteran PJM staffer Jim Kirby.
ATLANTIC CITY, N.J. — PJM officials and the Independent Market Monitor are considering changes to the treatment of virtual transactions to reduce uplift and gaming opportunities and allow quicker solving of the day-ahead energy market.
PJM Executive Vice President for Operations Mike Kormos and Market Monitor Joe Bowring floated ideas for potential changes during a Year in Review presentation at the PJM Annual Meeting at the Borgata Hotel Casino last week.
Bowring suggested PJM consider NYISO’s model, which limits virtual transactions to zones or hubs. Kormos said the RTO could consider either removing the financial transactions from the day-ahead market or making the day-ahead a pure financial market.
In interviews afterward, Bowring and PJM officials said the changes could address uplift and allow quicker solving of the day-ahead market to reduce the disconnect with gas trading schedules.
NY Model
Bowring made his suggestion first, saying PJM might benefit from adopting NYISO’s treatment of virtual transactions — increment offers (INCs), decrement bids (DECs) and up-to-congestion transactions. “Should that be a secondary derivative market or in the PJM market?” he asked.
He said virtual transactions were introduced into the market to improve efficiency. “I think we’ve gone well past that now,” he said, saying they affect unit dispatch and commitments and cause congestion. “I haven’t come to a full and final opinion on this, but questions need to be asked,” he added.
Bowring said his primary motivation for wanting to change the treatment of virtual transactions is to reduce gaming opportunities. “The ability to manipulate the market … would be substantially reduced by limiting financial transactions to zones and hubs or putting them all in a secondary market where they do not affect the actual operation of the market,” he said.
Executive Vice President for Markets Andy Ott said Bowring’s suggestion is “something we need to look at.”
Ott said large volumes of virtual trades are “dumped into the market” because there’s no cost for doing so. Although most do not clear, the large volumes slow processing time for the RTO’s security constrained economic dispatch.
Kormos made his suggestion in response to questions after Bowring’s presentation. “It’s the blending of the physical and the financial that’s causing the uplift” and making the market more difficult to solve, he said.
If the day-ahead market became purely financial, the reliability assessment and commitment (RAC) run could determine the day–ahead schedules for generators, said Mike Bryson, executive director of system operations.
Eliminating physical generation from the day-ahead market could aid efforts to post day-ahead results sooner, Kormos said. A market with no generator minimum run times “would solve a lot faster,” he said.
Under the current system, Bryson said, virtual trades can hurt reliability by masking transmission congestion.
An increment offer — an offer to sell to the day-ahead market if prices go above a specified price — can act like a dispatchable resource. But transmission constraints that are “solved” financially by virtual trades remain in the physical market, Bryson said. “In real time there wasn’t truly a generator there.”
Any changes would be subject to stakeholder review to determine their impacts. For example, limiting virtual transactions to only zones and hubs would prevent them from using generation buses, reducing their value as hedges for generation.
PJM officials are considering parallel processing and sequencing changes to speed the market solution. Ott said further reductions would not be “feasible” in the next year.
Bowring said the 85% reduction in UTC trading since FERC suggested the transactions might be subject to uplift charges had contributed to a recent reduction in the processing time required for the day-ahead market. (See FERC Issues Request for Comments in UTC Uplift Docket; Ruling by October.)
Ott demurred. “Before we jump to conclusions, we have to see what is the cause of the day-ahead market running faster,” he said.
PJM currently posts its day-ahead results at 4 p.m. The time required to solve varies from day to day depending on factors such as transmission outages and load projections. Most days it takes three to three and a half hours. But some days can take more than four hours, according to a PJM analysis that will be presented at Thursday’s Markets and Reliability Committee meeting.
“Some days you’re bringing it all [generation] on or you’re hardly bringing anything on,” and solution is easier, Kormos said.
Ideally, Kormos said, PJM would like to post its results by 1 p.m. ET, an hour before the first gas nomination deadline at 2 p.m.
Members Polled
PJM is compiling the results of a poll that closed May 18 to gauge members’ preferred response to the FERC order.
The poll asked members which day-ahead market start time would allow them adequate time to construct their offers, with choices ranging from 9:30 a.m. to 11 a.m. It also asked preferences on posting times to provide sufficient time to purchase fuel, offering choices between 1 p.m. and 2 p.m.
Because FERC declined to change the start of the gas day, however, RTO officials say there is no escaping some uncertainty. Other RTOs are wrestling with the same dilemma. (See SPP Trying to ‘Balance the Risk’ on Gas-Electric Schedules.)
“In [either the gas or electric] markets you have to commit before you have your numbers locked up,” Kormos explained.
