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November 7, 2024

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EPA to Strengthen Emissions Regs for Gas Power Plants

EPA is holding off on new emissions restrictions for existing natural gas-fired power plants. 

The agency in May 2023 proposed stronger greenhouse gas pollution standards for new and existing fossil-burning generation facilities and received more than 1.3 million comments in response. (See EPA Proposes New Emissions Standards for Power Plants.) 

The process had been nearing its conclusion but will now continue. 

EPA will soon send a finalized version of its proposal to the Office of Management and Budget, but the rules will not cover existing gas facilities — EPA said Feb. 29 it wants to strengthen provisions that pertain to existing gas. 

EPA Administrator Michael Regan said in a news release: 

“As EPA works towards final standards to cut climate pollution from existing coal and new gas-fired power plants later this spring, the agency is taking a new, comprehensive approach to cover the entire fleet of natural gas-fired turbines, as well as cover more pollutants including climate, toxic and criteria air pollution.” 

Gas-burning plants are cleaner than coal-burners, but they do produce emissions and are more numerous. The Energy Information Administration tallied 2,073 gas-burning plants rated at least 1 MW nationwide in 2022 and only 242 coal-burning plants. 

Some Republicans and industry groups criticized the original emissions proposal as strict and potentially damaging to grid reliability, which EPA denied. (See Regan: New EPA Standards Designed to not Jeopardize Grid Reliability.) 

In contrast, some environmental advocates criticized the original emissions proposal as too lenient, saying it would have applied to only a small percentage of existing gas-fired plants. 

This sentiment was captured in a celebratory quote EPA provided Feb. 29 from Washington Gov. Jay Inslee (D):  

“This is excellent news from Administrator Regan, and I commend him for his continued leadership. We cannot mitigate emissions and pollution from power plants by ignoring our country’s largest source of electricity generation: existing gas plants. Washington state is eager to support EPA in undertaking this rulemaking as quickly as possible.” 

Some environmental advocates offered messages that were more wait-and-see than celebratory. 

NRDC President Manish Bapna said in a prepared statement:  

“We can’t tackle climate change and clean up air pollution without slashing emissions from the existing gas-fired power plants already pumping huge amounts of carbon and other dangerous pollutants into the air. EPA needs to finish the job without delay.” 

Peggy Shepard, executive director of WE ACT for Environmental Justice, said:  

“We are wholly appreciative of EPA’s leadership in demonstrating the need for further review, and at the same time request a clear and transparent process as we look forward to collaborating for its improved realization. Only when this rule is finalized can we truly know we are on a path to resilience and justice.” 

Regan touched on these concerns in EPA’s news release: 

“This stronger, more durable approach will achieve greater emissions reductions than the current proposal. EPA proposals on criteria pollutants and air toxics also will help address local air quality impacts to better protect vulnerable frontline communities. 

“This comprehensive approach to reducing climate and air pollution will also consider flexibilities to support grid operators and will recognize that ongoing technological innovation offers a wide range of decarbonization options. EPA will immediately begin a robust stakeholder engagement process, working with workers, communities with environmental justice concerns and all interested parties to help create a more durable, flexible and affordable proposal that protects public health and the environment.” 

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Grain Belt Express Gets Partial Approval for Negotiated Rate Authority from FERC

After a fresh FERC review, Invenergy has walked away with half the authorizations necessary to charge negotiated rates for transmission service on its $7 billion, 5-GW Grain Belt Express transmission project.  

Late last year, Invenergy sought FERC permission to amend its negotiated rate authority for Grain Belt Express because the merchant transmission project’s design had changed substantially since FERC originally granted authority in 2014 (ER24-59).  

FERC scrutinized the project using its four-factor test. The commission said while Grain Belt satisfied its requirements for just and reasonable rates and regional reliability, it lacked information on whether Grain Belt would parcel out capacity on its line fairly.  

“We reserve judgment on whether Grain Belt’s capacity allocation process satisfies the commission requirements for undue discrimination and undue preference (factors two and three). We will make a determination regarding those factors at such time as Grain Belt submits a filing providing sufficient detail to evaluate whether its capacity allocation process satisfies the commission’s requirements, either in advance of its open solicitation or post-open solicitation,” FERC wrote in a Feb. 29 order.  

FERC said while Invenergy requested “flexibility” for its upcoming capacity allocation process, it provided only “limited detail on the selection process or selection criteria for the commission to evaluate.” The commission said it couldn’t be confident Invenergy would not bestow undue preference on generation affiliates when selling the line’s capacity.  

Invenergy said last year it intends to launch an open solicitation for takers of capacity on the first, 2.5-GW phase of the line, which runs from Kansas to Missouri. In its filing, it said it has hired the Brattle Group to serve as an independent consultant and oversee the open solicitation for a “portion of capacity for Phase 1.” Invenergy said the Brattle Group will develop selection criteria and ensure the solicitation is conducted in a transparent and non-discriminatory manner. Invenergy also promised a post-solicitation compliance filing to FERC.  

The Missouri Joint Municipal Electric Utility Commission already has agreed to buy up to 225 MW of capacity on Grain Belt.  

The Missouri Landowners Alliance protested Invenergy’s request to amend its negotiated rate authority and said the commission should require Invenergy to reapply for permission to offer capacity on Grain Belt at negotiated rates. The landowners argued that project ownership, capacity and interconnection points have changed too drastically since FERC originally granted Grain Belt’s negotiated rate authority. 

Invenergy acquired development assets for Grain Belt from Clean Line Energy Partners in 2018. The Missouri Landowners Association argued Invenergy didn’t notify FERC of the handover and the expansion of the project. (See Invenergy Announces Grain Belt Express Expansion.)  

The association also voiced concern that Invenergy “controls a large inventory of energy facilities,” including generation, and suggested it could give its affiliate customers preferential treatment or have an incentive to withhold capacity. It cautioned FERC that Grain Belt’s “use of an independent evaluator should not take the place of regulatory scrutiny and guidance.” 

Invenergy rebutted that FERC rules don’t allow it to unduly discriminate or show undue preference in the open solicitation process. 

The association also accused Invenergy of beginning negotiating capacity sales ahead of its future open solicitation. Invenergy said the Missouri landowners’ allegation was incorrect and based on the association conflating sales of transmission service with a sale or lease of an undivided interest in Grain Belt.  

FERC didn’t address the debate because it left those sections of the four-factor test undecided. 

The Sierra Club in late October wrote to support negotiated rate authority for Invenergy.  

“The Grain Belt Express Project will lower electricity costs for consumers, markedly improve the economic operation of these regional electric grids, offer significant resilience value — especially during storms and other high-demand events — and improve resource adequacy for customers and utilities,” the environmental group said. 

Invenergy plans to begin construction on Grain Belt in early 2025 and has said it already secured 95% of the land necessary for Phase 1 of the project. The Kansas-to-Illinois line will connect SPP, Associated Electric Cooperative, MISO and PJM. Invenergy has selected Siemens Energy to provide the HVDC technology for the first phase of the 800-mile line. 

Invenergy said it expects to put separate filings for approval before FERC to transfer Phase 1 capacity to buyers and/or lessees via sales and/or leases of undivided interests in the transmission line. Those require individual approvals.

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MISO Wants $10K VOLL, a Nearly Threefold Increase

CARMEL, Ind. — MISO last week said its extensive analysis shows that its current $3,500/MWh value of lost load (VOLL) should be raised to $10,000/MWh.  

The grid operator has made a renewed push in recent months to re-estimate its value of lost load after saying that its existing VOLL is dated, having been established in the 2008-2009 time frame. MISO’s current VOLL reflects the willingness of the lowest-income residential customers in the RTO’s footprint to pay for uninterrupted service.  

During a Feb. 29 Market Subcommittee meeting, MISO’s Chuck Hansen said the $3,500/MWh limit “can currently curtail valid market prices.”  

“When the system is in a more vulnerable state, prices should reflect the risk of diminishing reserves,” Hansen said.  

Three years ago, MISO’s Independent Market Monitor recommended the RTO adopt a $10,000/MWh VOLL.  

Hansen likened a well-thought-out VOLL to the “jolt” delivered from farmers’ electric fences, which aren’t meant to injure livestock.  

“The goal isn’t to shock the cows; the goal is to just keep them in the field,” he explained. 

Hansen said a raised value would almost counterintuitively moderate market volatility because market participants would take more actions to dodge the highest prices.  

“With higher prices, we expect lower volatility and more preparation to avoid those kinds of real-time energy deficiencies,” he said.  

Hansen said MISO’s current VOLL is “outdated and below industry willingness to respond to demand.” He said a reasonable VOLL would properly discourage market participants from “these ‘touching the electric fence’ situations” and “potentially make them more rare than they already are.” 

New VOLL Means New ORDC

MISO said it also will seek to change how VOLL ties into its operating reserve demand curve (ORDC). MISO’s ORDC is linked to VOLL, and the current curve mostly sits at $1,100/MWh and $2,100/MWh across two large steps before it tops out at $3,500/MWh.  

Despite proposing a $10,000/MWh VOLL, MISO wants its ORDC to peak at $6,000/MWh and stay there until about 50% of cleared operating reserves materialize. From there, the curve would slope downward until MISO can confirm more than 80% of its cleared operating reserves, at which point the curve would become two steps: $1,100/MWh until 88% of reserves show up and $600/MWh until 100% of reserves turn up.  

If MISO already had the new curve in place, Hansen said more than 90% of MISO’s past shortages would have resulted in lower penalty prices. Most of the RTO’s operating reserve shortages occur at 88% of reserves or higher. Historically, MISO has never experienced an operating reserve shortage below 50%.  

“This is not just about raising VOLL and making prices higher. On the right side of the curve, we thought it was appropriate to lower prices,” Hansen said. 

Hansen said MISO would like to introduce an ORDC that is lower for small reserve shortages and results in higher prices for greater shortages.  

“As reserves go away, we want prices to approach VOLL, but we don’t want prices to be so high that they reach VOLL well before load shedding is initiated,” Hansen said. Conversely, he added that the lower bound of the ORDC shouldn’t be so low that it’s cheaper for market participants to violate marketwide operating reserve requirement.  

Hansen said MISO wants to continue to use an updated VOLL as a price cap for locational marginal prices, market clearing prices and during load shed events.  

But he said MISO would like to sever the connection between VOLL and MISO’s emergency demand response offer cap. MISO has called on its emergency demand response only once, more than 15 years ago. Today, MISO’s emergency demand response averages less than 500 MW and is managed on a separate system from the RTO’s markets. The product was introduced before MISO debuted its ancillary service market, and owners are under no obligation to be available. Hansen said MISO has debated retiring its emergency demand response product and urges market participants to move their offerings under the RTO’s existing load-modifying resource and demand response programs.  

MISO’s proposed ORDC. The ‘SOM’ curve refers to the Independent Market Monitor’s past recommendation for a new curve. | MISO

Justification for $10K

Hansen said the current VOLL was established alongside the launch of MISO’s ancillary services market and “that number has not changed in 15 years.”  

He said MISO has made hundreds of calculations to freshen its VOLL, including crunching numbers for different lengths of outages; nonsummer versus summertime periods; afternoon, evening or off-peak periods; and using different customer load classes, including small commercial, industrial, residential and manufacturing segments.   

MISO found that for a one-hour outage occurring off-peak in summer, VOLL will run $4,337/MW for residential customers and up to nearly $81,000/MW for small commercial and industrial customers. For an eight-hour outage occurring off-peak in summer, a residential VOLL will run about $8,107/MW, while small commercial and industrial customers’ value runs more than $266,000/MW.  

“We’ve been studying a range of numbers, many numbers,” Hansen said.  

MISO found that its highest VOLL occurs during off-peak periods with small commercial and industrial customers the most exposed to risks of lost revenue. Larger commercial and industrial customers often have access to more capital to prepare to bounce back more quickly from an outage, staff said.  

When MISO made its 2007 FERC filing to create VOLL, it used the average of the $1,470/MWh median value of its residential class and the $15,250/MWh lowest median value of the small commercial and industrial class. The resulting VOLL was weighted 85% toward residential customers.  

Using that same 2007 calculation, Hansen said the 2023 VOLL for a summertime, one-hour outage occurring off peak should be $13,640/MWh.  

“What we’re proposing is actually on the conservative side,” Hansen said.  

Hansen reminded stakeholders that MISO isn’t in charge of which customers are affected by outages when it orders load shedding. The RTO simply tells local balancing authorities how many megawatts it needs off the system. MISO said a recent survey of its local balancing authorities shows that when instituting rolling blackouts, customers dropped on average are 48% residential, 30% large commercial and industrial, and 22% small commercial and industrial.  

Hansen said a $10K VOLL reflects that industrial customer load is also shed alongside residential load during dire circumstances. 

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MISO: New Capacity Accreditation Filing Imminent

CARMEL, Ind. — MISO is determined to file with FERC by the end of March to introduce a probabilistic capacity accreditation that’s controversial among stakeholders.  

MISO stakeholders continued to lobby for a deferral during a Feb. 28 Resource Adequacy Subcommittee meeting, again telling the RTO it hasn’t shared enough information on its loss of load-oriented accreditation style. (See MISO Set on March Accreditation Filing, Stakeholders Push for Slowdown.) A filing in March seems destined to gather several protests.  

But Senior Manager of Market Design Neil Shah said MISO has now shared enough data from its analyses to give stakeholders a “broad indication” of their future capacity credits to adjust generation plans accordingly.  

“The filing needs to happen now for stakeholders to make those adjustments,” Shah said.  

MISO doesn’t intend the accreditation to take effect until the 2028/29 planning year. 

Shah said “the beauty of” MISO’s method is that it measures the reliability contribution of all resources across “hundreds and hundreds” of simulated risky hours. 

Under the new method, generators’ capacity credits would be determined by a combination of individual past performance and resource-class average performance during hours with tight conditions and modeled loss-of-load hours for different types of generation. Most resources’ credits would shrink under the new accreditation. Resources would be divided by fuel type: gas, coal, hydro, nuclear, energy storage, pumped storage, wind and solar. MISO at first didn’t commit to listing resource types in its tariff filing with FERC.  

Shah likened MISO’s accreditation change to his homeowner’s insurance policy recently increasing by a few hundred dollars based not on him, but on his neighbors filing more claims recently. He said his insurer took the growing claims as proof of rising risk in his neighborhood and reassessed. MISO, Shah said, is no different with this new accreditation direction.  

Many MISO stakeholders have argued the loss-of-load accreditation would inject too much uncertainty into the MISO market, disrupting integrated resource plans and investment decisions. At the RASC meeting, some said they don’t have adequate insight into how capacity credits would differ by resource type and questioned whether MISO’s proposed resource classes would sufficiently represent all types of resources in MISO.  

Shah said MISO is prepared to make a future filing if new technology necessitates the RTO add new resource classes but said MISO has landed on a “good representation of resources classes” in the footprint today.  

Shah also noted that during the three-year transition period, MISO wouldn’t apply the accreditation but would publish indicative accreditation results for resource classes, as well as anticipated local reliability requirements and planning resource margin requirements based on the direct loss-of-load accreditation method. MISO wouldn’t share unit-level capacity values publicly; market participants would need to request those from the grid operator.  

MISO has said the new accreditation would better ensure seasonal reserve requirements are met, shape long-term investment and retirement decisions “by accurately representing the capacity value of a resource in the prompt year,” and incentivize resources to show up during times of the greatest system need. It has characterized the new accreditation style as a “consistent accreditation methodology for all resources, capturing the reliability contribution during times of highest risk.”  

MISO’s Zak Joundi has said MISO members would “have plenty of time to adjust” to the new rules.  

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MISO Names New Chief Information Security Officer

MISO announced it has promoted Eric Miller to chief information security officer and the RTO’s newest vice president.  

Miller joined MISO in 2020 as an executive director of digital technology. Prior to signing on with MISO, Miller held IT and cybersecurity leadership roles at Ascension Technologies, the health care company’s IT division.   

Miller is based out of MISO’s Carmel, Ind., headquarters and is now responsible for managing the RTO’s physical security, cybersecurity, and technology infrastructure and operations. 

“I look forward to stepping into this new role at MISO,” Miller said in a March 1 press release. “I’m excited about leading a world-class team of professionals who are committed to a safe, secure and reliable bulk electric system.” 

Former Chief Information Security Officer Keri Glitch left MISO last year to join Fortis, where she serves as the vice president of information technology.  

Miller has a master’s degree in systems engineering from Johns Hopkins University and a Master of Business Administration from Bowling Green State University. He also was a commissioned officer in the U.S. Army.  

MISO said Miller recently completed the CISO Executive Education and Certificate Program from Carnegie Mellon University’s Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy, in addition to holding multiple other cybersecurity certifications.  

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Bill to Link Wash. Cap-and-trade with Calif.-Quebec Passes Both Houses

Washington’s Democratic-controlled House of Representatives on Feb. 29 approved a bill that would allow the state’s cap-and-trade program to link up with the system shared by California and Quebec.  

Senate Bill 6058, sponsored by Sen. Joe Nguyen (D), passed the House 57-39 along party lines — just as it did in the Senate earlier this month. (See Carbon Market Linkage Bill Passes Wash. Senate.) 

The two houses must now reconcile minor changes added to the bill.  

Washington is negotiating with California and Quebec on potentially meshing their cap-and-trade programs with the expectation that a bigger market would soften carbon allowance prices, which then could reduce the state’s high gasoline prices.  

Linkage between the markets could take place no earlier than 2025. Looming over the development is a November referendum on whether to repeal Washington’s cap-and-invest program, which some have blamed for the state’s gas price increases.

House Republicans opposed the bill Feb. 29, spending the majority of a four-and-a-half-hour debate slamming cap-and-invest for boosting gas prices. When focused on the specifics of SB 6058, Republicans said they did not like tying Washington’s program to the much larger California one, which see its own unique ups and downs. They also voiced skepticism about claims that a larger market would decrease gas prices in the Evergreen State. 

“We’re going into an agreement without a clear understanding of the partners we want a relationship with,” Rep. Keith Goehner (R) said.  

“Fools rush in. We should not rush into any linkage,” said Rep. Jim Walsh (R), who is also one of the leaders of the initiative to repeal cap-and-invest. 

Majority Leader Joe Fitzgibbon (D) pointed out that a common argument against Washington’s efforts to combat climate change is that one state’s efforts won’t affect global warming. He said a carbon market combining Washington, California and Quebec would create a greater effect on reducing emissions. And Fitzgibbon noted that New York, Massachusetts and Maryland are watching Washington’s efforts with the idea of creating their own cap-and-trade programs to eventually join the bigger market. 

The bill “simply sets us up for success as we work with California and Quebec collectively to protect our air sheds from greenhouse gases,” said Rep. Beth Doglio (D).

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‘Bigger Stuff’ is Coming for SPP’s REAL Team

DFW AIRPORT, Texas — SPP’s Resource and Energy Leadership (REAL) Team last week marked the one-year anniversary of its formation with yet another discussion of resource adequacy issues and the various metrics used to determine a reliability standard. 

But not to worry. Major developments are on the horizon. 

“The bigger stuff is coming later,” said SPP’s Casey Cathey, senior director of grid asset utilization, following the Feb. 21 meeting. 

That would be the winter planning resource margin (PRM) and a reliability standard based on expected unserved energy (EUE). However, it may take time. 

“I think we need some time to bake in more of an understanding about the interrelationship between EUE and the fuel mix, as well as the load changes,” Cathey said. “We do need to work towards an accelerated standard, but we’ve never enforced an EUE limit before. It’s always been PRM. As we’re continually seeing the fuel mix change and the loads are also under a lot of scrutiny, with more resources that are underperforming and more extreme events, I think the fear is to put a standard without it being potentially well thought out could be extremely costly.” 

To ease that fear, the REAL Team contracted last year with firms 1898 & Co. and Astrape Consulting to conduct a future resource mix study. The study focused on five- and 10-year projections for PRM and renewable resources’ effective load-carrying capability values as providing better forward-looking information than the standard loss-of-load expectation (LOLE) studies. 

It also considered EUE as a new metric, given resource adequacy’s shift from “capacity adequacy” to “energy adequacy.” SPP staff said they have found a divergence in EUE and LOLE as the system evolves more toward an “energy-limited” resource portfolio. 

The study found the existing 0.1 LOLE reliability target continues to contribute to an increased EUE and “unacceptable reliability” and that as renewable capacity increases, the winter season becomes dominant. Implementing reliability metrics separated by season helps meet the annual LOLE/EUE target, it said. found the existing 0.1 LOLE reliability target continues to contribute to an increased EUE and “unacceptable reliability” and that as renewable capacity increases, the winter season becomes dominant. Implementing reliability metrics separated by season helps meet the annual LOLE/EUE target, it said. 

However, the study found a last-in allocation methodology “may allocate more accreditation than appropriate to certain technology types due to synergies between resources. It said more studies are required to confirm the appropriate level of a normalized EUE as a reliability standard. 

“We have a natural breakdown that winter events are longer, deeper and they have more amounts of energy per event than you do in the summer,” 1898’s Brian Despard said. “If you add more renewables, you’re shifting from summer events to winter events and there’s naturally more unserved energy in the winter. So, we have to install a standard that says, ‘Let’s keep unserved energy the same instead of keeping the number of events the same.’ We’re going to have a secondary and complementary requirement that says, ‘I will get a credit for the ability to maintain those standards as well.’” 

Brian Despard, 1898 & Co. | © RTO Insider LLC

The REAL Team will continue its discussion of the PRM and EUE metric when it gathers at SPP’s headquarters in Little Rock, Ark, March 22. 

“That’s March Madness,” said Kristie Fiegen, chair of both the REAL Team and the South Dakota Public Utilities Commission and an apparent fan of college basketball’s annual postseason tournament. 

Still, the meeting will go on. 

“More education is needed across the board for members, for the Regional State Committee, for REAL,” Cathey said. 

The REAL Team reports to the RSC, which is composed of SPP state regulators. Also, it is working in tandem with the Supply Adequacy Working Group (SAWG) and the RSC’s Cost Allocation Working Team. 

“We’re kind of working to educate on the EUE, but to also help that education form how we might best establish our very first separate winter planning reserve margin,” Cathey said. “Even though we don’t have a standard — and this is what’s a little bit confusing — we still understand that we shouldn’t just let EUE be this massive number. We have to use the data from the loss-of-load expectation study to best inform how we balance the risk between winter and summer for upcoming 2026 binding season.” 

The REAL Team directed SAWG to consider EUE associated with an LOLE metric to determine winter and summer PRMs, recommend an EUE standard, and place the expectation of that effect on the 2025 LOLE study.  

Evergy’s Colton Kennedy, SAWG’s chair, agreed that more education and analysis is needed.   

“There’s a separate conversation around what [we] are establishing as a region for an EUE standard. I think honestly, we don’t need that to set the PRM, to recommend PRM,” he said. “I think we know that there are gaps. We know that the EUE is something that needs to be incorporated into the target. I don’t think we have enough information to say this is the appropriate risk tolerance for this region.” 

Separately, the team approved a tariff change (RR605) intended to clarify resource availability expectations for both the summer and winter seasons. The measure adds a definition of authorized outages and more requirements for availability during the two seasons when not on an authorized outage, and it clarifies when load-responsible entities and generation owners should submit resource adequacy capacity to meet their requirements. 

“It’s not the most complicated policy, but it’s fairly important. If we didn’t do it, we will be shooting ourselves in the foot,” Cathey said. 

The revision’s language is seen as meeting FERC’s expectation that SPP consider expedited proceedings for any future filings on the winter season RA requirement. The commission in November rejected the grid operator’s first attempt at a winter resource adequacy requirement; the RTO plans to refile the requirement, nonbinding until the 2026-27 winter, in April. (See “FERC Rejects Winter Requirement,” ‘Therapy Session’: SPP REAL Team Reviews Draft LOLE Study.) 

The REAL Team also endorsed a pair of initiatives by staff and stakeholders: 

    • The Market Working Group’s development of potential availability market constructs and other incentive-based mechanisms. The MWG explored five options before determining that, based on staff’s evaluation, a performance credit mechanism (PCM) similar to ERCOT’s and an energy availability market would provide the largest economic and reliability benefits. The group is monitoring ERCOT’s PCM development process and will reevaluate the need for additional mechanisms once resource adequacy policies are implemented and evaluated. 
    • Staff’s pursuit of a price-formation policy that dispatches the system based on the true obligation and prices the system during a scarcity event using the obligation without the effect of load shed and emergency energy assistance. Staff plans to secure approval from stakeholders, regulators and the board in April and May, and then take the revision request to the same bodies in July and August. 
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Sunrise Wind, Empire Wind Tapped for New OSW Contracts

Two major New York offshore wind projects are getting back on track, with more lucrative contract awards to replace their existing deals with the state. 

New York on Feb. 29 announced conditional contract awards to Empire Wind 1 and Sunrise Wind, which have a combined 1,734-MW capacity rating — about a fifth of the state’s 9-GW goal for 2035. 

Importantly, both are mature projects, with many of their agreements and permits already in hand. They should be able to come online years sooner than new proposals that would start from scratch. 

Empire Wind and Sunrise Wind will cancel their existing contracts. The numbers would be much larger in the replacement contract.  

Their original contract had an all-in average development cost of $83.36/MWh in 2018 dollars, with an average residential monthly bill impact of 73 cents. 

NYSERDA said Feb. 29 the new conditional contract carried a weighted average all-in lifetime development cost of $150.15/MWh, with an average monthly bill impact of $2.09. 

Providing final contracts are negotiated, the announcement potentially represents the continued comeback of New York’s offshore wind portfolio from near collapse amid the industry problems of 2023. 

Empire Wind 1 and 2, Sunrise Wind and Beacon Wind asked the state in June for more money for their projects, which totaled 4,230 MW of nameplate capacity. Construction costs had soared since they locked in their offtake contracts and the projects had become financially untenable. 

The state in October refused but allowed them to rebid in a rush fourth solicitation that opened at the end of November. Empire 2 and Beacon canceled their contracts and did not rebid. Sunrise and Empire 1 rebid and a new project — the 1,300-MW Community Wind 2 — also submitted a proposal. The state said that project was waitlisted, with potential contract award and negotiation at a later date. 

‘New Beginning’

The U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management green-lighted Empire Wind with a positive record of decision in November and now is finalizing its record of decision with Sunrise Wind. New York Gov. Kathy Hochul (D) framed the contract awards as a way to get the state’s nascent offshore wind sector — and its expected economic and environmental benefits — back on track. 

“Offshore wind is foundational to our fight against climate change,” she said in a statement, “and these awards demonstrate our national leadership to advance a zero-emissions electric grid at the best value to New Yorkers.”   

Empire developer Equinor hailed the contract announcement. “This is a promising new beginning for Empire Wind and we’re ready to get started,” said Molly Morris, president of Equinor Renewables America. 

Sunrise developer Ørsted had a similar reaction. 

“With the selection of Sunrise Wind, New York’s offshore wind story is set to enter a new chapter of large-scale job creation and economic development, and we thank Governor Hochul and her administration for their continued leadership,” said David Hardy, CEO Americas at Ørsted. 

There is much yet to do, however. 

New York’s offshore wind portfolio now consists entirely of South Fork Wind — a first-in-the-nation pioneer nearing completion, but also a 12-turbine installation rated at just 132 MW. 

Three other proposals awarded conditional contracts in the third solicitation — Attentive Energy One, Community Offshore Wind 1 and Excelsior Wind, with a combined capacity of 4,032 MW — still are negotiating final contracts with the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, more than four months after they were selected. 

‘Steadfast’ for OSW

The financial turmoil that hit the offshore wind industry’s Northeast projects last year is believed to be settling down but is not over. Equinor and Ørsted said Feb. 29 they do not expect to make final investment decisions until mid-2024. 

Equinor and BP recently announced they would terminate their partnership on the Empire and Beacon projects, with BP taking Beacon and Equinor taking Empire. Equinor said Feb. 29 it will bring in a new partner on Empire Wind to reduce its exposure. 

Ørsted’s projects off the New England coast have been in partnership with Eversource, which has been trying to exit the cash-sucking venture since late 2022. Awarding of a final contract for Sunrise would trigger Ørsted’s acquisition of Eversource’s portion of that project, though Eversource would remain involved, leading onshore construction. 

“We are steadfast in our conviction that offshore wind is critical to address climate change and help meet the growing demand for clean, reliable energy,” Community Offshore Wind President Doug Perkins said in a statement Feb. 29. “Our commitment to both New York and the U.S. offshore wind industry is unchanged and we look forward to working with NYSERDA in the future to advance New York’s clean energy goals.” 

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Biden Names 3 Nominees to Give FERC 5 Members Again

President Joe Biden announced three FERC nominees Feb. 29, which would bring the agency back to a full complement of five members even after Commissioner Allison Clements leaves. 

Biden named to the federal regulator Judy Chang, a former Massachusetts official; FERC analyst David Rosner, who has been detailed to the Democratic staff on the Senate Energy & Natural Resources Committee; and West Virginia Solicitor General Lindsay See. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-Ky.) recommended See. 

The last two have links to Sen. Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.), who chairs the Energy & Natural Resources Committee, which will hold hearings on the nominees and must vote them out before they can move onto consideration by the entire Senate. Rosner has worked under Manchin at the committee. 

“A fully seated, bipartisan FERC provides more opportunity for advancing long-lasting, sensible energy infrastructure policy,” Manchin said in a statement. “As chairman of the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, I look forward to reviewing the qualifications of the three individuals nominated today to be FERC commissioners and assessing their commitment to American energy security.” 

As solicitor general, See argued her state’s side of the case before the Supreme Court in West Virginia v. EPA, which limited how the agency can regulate carbon emissions from power plants. (See Supreme Court Rejects EPA Generation Shifting.) 

Chang has more than 20 years of experience in energy economics and policy, including a stint as the undersecretary of Energy and Climate Solutions in Massachusetts where she helped implement its climate change mitigation efforts. She has presented and testified before federal and state agencies and regulatory authorities on energy resource deployment, energy contracts, transmission planning and electricity market design. 

Chang is a senior fellow at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. She got her master’s of public policy from the Kennedy School and her bachelor’s at the University of California, Davis. 

Rosner has 15 years of experience on energy technologies, market design and energy policy issues, including his stint working on assignment for Manchin’s committee staff. He also was a senior policy adviser at DOE’s Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis and associate director of the Bipartisan Policy Center’s energy project and holds degrees in economics and public policy. 

Before becoming solicitor general, See worked at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher in Washington, D.C. She graduated from Harvard Law School and is from Michigan. 

The nominees and the potential return to a full slate of FERC commissioners this year was welcomed by many in statements issued Feb. 29. 

“A full complement of commissioners is critical to ensure robust debate and efficient progress on the important issues that FERC will be asked to weigh in on in the coming months and years, from interconnection reform to transmission planning to market rule changes in light of the energy transition,” Advanced Energy United Managing Director Caitlin Marquis said in a statement. “We encourage the Senate to move forward quickly with the review process and look forward to working with a fully staffed commission under the leadership of Chair Willie Phillips.” 

Sierra Club Executive Director Ben Jealous put out a statement saying while FERC may not be well known to the public, it is critical to bring more renewable energy online quickly. 

“A fully staffed FERC has the opportunity to tackle the climate crisis while making our transmission grids more resilient and reliable,” Jealous said. “But FERC must turn around its track record of acting as a rubber stamp for the fossil fuel industry. As these nominees move through the Senate confirmation process, we will be watching for these candidates to commit to weighing climate, environmental justice, health and consumer cost impacts heavily in any decision they make. The courts have repeatedly said FERC must factor in these considerations, and the Sierra Club is committed to ensuring the makeup of the commission is in step with this mandate.” 

The Natural Resources Defense Council also welcomed the new nominees, with Sustainable FERC Project senior attorney Christy Walsh saying a fully staffed commission is important. 

“We hope for a swift and robust confirmation process that will give the nominees a chance to offer their perspectives and plans on key issues like transmission, interconnection, markets, gas regulation and environmental justice,” she said. 

The Electricity Transmission Competition Coalition also said it wants to see a full complement of five commissioners. 

“I urge the nominees to put consumers first and support electricity transmission competition, which is the key to fulfilling FERC’s mandate of providing affordable and reliable electricity,” ETCC Chair Paul Cicio said in a statement. “FERC’s role is more important than ever with spending on transmission set to grow; pro-competition commissioners will be key to ensuring that upgrades to the grid come at the lowest cost to consumers.” 

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NIST Expands Cyber Framework in Latest Release

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released the latest version of its Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) this week, aiming to help public- and private-sector organizations stay ahead of the growing digital threat landscape.  

Version 2.0 of the CSF, published Feb. 26, represents an expansion for the framework. The new document is “designed for all audiences, industry sectors and organization types, from the smallest schools and nonprofits to the largest agencies and corporations,” NIST said in a statement. 

“The CSF has been a vital tool for many organizations, helping them anticipate and deal with cybersecurity threats,” NIST Director Laurie Locascio said. “CSF 2.0 … is not just about one document. It is about a suite of resources that can be customized and used individually or in combination over time as an organization’s cybersecurity needs change and its capabilities evolve.” 

This is the first major update to the CSF since NIST first published the document in 2014 in response to Executive Order 13636. NERC is one of many organizations to use the framework, though not directly; rather, the ERO partnered with NIST in 2021 to produce a set of tools to help registered entities map the CSF to NERC’s Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) standards. (See NERC, NIST Update Cybersecurity Mapping.)  

The CSF is meant to support the implementation of the federal government’s National Cybersecurity Strategy, released last March. The strategy has five pillars: 

    • Defend critical infrastructure. 
    • Disrupt and dismantle threat actors. 
    • Shape market forces to drive security and resilience. 
    • Invest in a resilient future. 
    • Forge international partnerships to pursue shared goals. 

In keeping with these goals, the new CSF “goes beyond protecting critical infrastructure … to all organizations in any sector,” NIST’s release said, explaining that comments on a draft CSF received last year demonstrated that a broad range of organizations had an appetite for a version of the framework they could use.  

The final framework shows this focus with the addition of quick-start guides allowing users with specific needs — for example, owners of small businesses or staff looking to secure their digital supply chains — to easily access information that suits them without wading through irrelevant sections. Organizations can also set up custom profiles representing both their current and desired status and access community profiles that show how similar organizations have used the CSF. 

Also added to the new version is a focus on governance, with “Govern” as the first of the CSF’s core functions. The document calls governance activities “critical for incorporating cybersecurity into an organization’s broader enterprise risk management strategy.” Duties under this function include establishing a cybersecurity strategy and supply chain risk management, and mapping out staff roles, responsibilities, authorities, and areas of oversight. 

Governance underlies the other core functions, which NIST defines as: 

    • Identify — Understand the organization’s assets, suppliers and related cybersecurity risks, and identify opportunities for improvement in its policies and practices. 
    • Protect — Ensure that safeguards are in place to manage cybersecurity risks. 
    • Detect — Find and analyze possible cyberattacks and compromises. 
    • Respond — Take action in response to detected cybersecurity incidents. 
    • Recover — Ensure that assets and operations affected by a cybersecurity incident are restored. 

NIST said it expects the new CSF to be translated for use internationally; the original is available in 13 languages, the organization said. It also plans to continue working with the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission to align cybersecurity documents across countries and industries.