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December 24, 2024

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Mass. Gov. Healey Preaches Collaboration at Energy Conference

BOSTON — Northeastern states, provincial governments, energy companies and labor groups must work together to address the region’s energy issues, Massachusetts Gov. Maura Healey said Dec. 3 at the New England Energy Summit. 

“The benefits of regional collaboration are hard to overstate, which is why we’ve made it a top priority,” Healey told attendees at the conference. 

The fifth annual event was held by the New England Power Generators Association and the Dupont Group and coincided with Healey’s ceremonial signing of a major climate law earlier in the day. The legislation features major reforms to the state’s permitting and siting procedures and a range of other provisions intended to boost the state’s clean energy transition. (See Compromise Climate Bill Finally Approved by Mass. Legislature and Mass. Clean Energy Permitting, Gas Reform Bill Back on Track.) 

The bill also authorizes the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources to seek multistate competitive procurements of long-term clean energy generation through 2025. This could include contracts with the two existing nuclear plants in New England. 

Healey said she grew up “in the shadows of [the Seabrook nuclear power plant] in New Hampshire. … I understand the importance of a New England regional economy, and I am very committed as governor to working very closely with other governors.” 

She also highlighted the importance of collaborating with neighboring Canadian provinces, and said the state is looking beyond just the New England Clean Energy Connect transmission line, which Avangrid projects to come online in January 2026. (See Avangrid Sues NextEra over ‘Scorched-earth Scheme’ to Stop NECEC.) 

Despite significant concerns around federal funding and support for decarbonization in the incoming Trump administration, Healey projected confidence around the state’s clean energy efforts.  

“I truly believe that what we’ve done here, the investments that we’ve made, put us on really solid footing, and we’re going to move forward boldly on every front,” Healey said, adding that the state’s permitting and siting reforms are essential regardless of the federal administration. 

“Notwithstanding where we are in a particular election cycle, we know where we need to go, and I want to get there together,” Healey said.  

The effect of the election on New England’s energy industry was a major topic of the day for several other speakers, who generally shared Healey’s perspective that the change in administration will not dramatically impact the overall trajectory of the region’s energy industry.  

Mass. Gov. Maura Healey addresses attendees | © RTO Insider LLC

“We don’t change our business plan based on what’s happening in Washington,” said Erin O’Dea, CEO of Great River Hydro. “I expect New England to continue to lead.” 

“I don’t think the federal election really impacts us,” said James Andrews, CEO of Granite Shore Power. 

“I would expect nothing to change in the near term,” said Nathan Hanson, president of LS Power. “You may get less support federally,” Hanson added, but he noted the states have in the past picked up the slack left by the federal government. 

Michael McKenna, president of MWR strategies and a former Trump adviser, said he expects the new administration to put “a fair-sized emphasis on increasing the ability to dig oil and gas out of the ground and move it around.” 

McKenna said he does not expect this emphasis to bring new pipelines into New England but added that he “can’t imagine” that the Everett LNG import terminal will be retired in the foreseeable future. 

Market Issues

Speakers also addressed some of the pressing market issues facing the region, with ISO-NE in the middle of major reforms to its capacity market. (See ISO-NE Updates Plans for Capacity Reforms for CCP 19 and Beyond.) 

Hanson of LS Power, which owns two gas plants in the region, said New England will need more dispatchable resources as renewables increase on the system.  

“We will need more gas generation,” Hanson said. “They will run less, but they’re needed when they’re needed.” 

ISO-NE’s Economic Planning for the Clean Energy Transition (EPCET) study, released in late October, found a significant need for dispatchable resources through 2050, which could pose a significant challenge for states seeking to balance the priorities of decarbonization, affordability and reliability. (See ISO-NE Study Lays Out Challenges of Deep Decarbonization.) 

Hanson noted that current market prices do not support the development of new resources without state support and said he is closely following the resource accreditation changes underway at ISO-NE. He stressed the need for the RTO to account for the location of gas resources and how this can affect their access to gas.  

Andrews of Granite Shore Power expressed concerns about the challenges ISO-NE’s pay-for-performance rules pose for existing generators, arguing they are “extremely punitive.” 

Jeff Delgado, managing director of asset management at Lotus Infrastructure Partners, echoed Andrews’ concerns, saying penalties incurred due to equipment breaking down “can be an existential risk for a plant.” 

O’Dea of Great River Hydro said existing hydroelectric resources play an essential clean dispatchable role on the grid but require continued support and investment to remain in operation. 

“When we think about the clean energy transition, we need to remember our existing resources,” O’Dea said, adding that there is a common misconception that hydro “doesn’t cost anything to run.” 

Workforce Challenges

The summit also featured a panel on the workforce challenges faced by the energy industry. 

Chrissy Lynch, president of the Massachusetts AFL-CIO, said there is “no worker shortage in our ranks, because these jobs are good jobs.” 

Lynch said she has never seen such high interest in energy jobs from high school students. She said increasing access to childcare, training to transition workers from fossil fuel jobs and partnering with unions on clean energy projects would help scale up the workforce. 

Lynch praised the Biden administration as an “incredible partner to organized labor” and said she is anxious about how the federal stance toward organized labor will change under a Trump administration.  

Mark Melnik, director of economic and public policy research at the University of Massachusetts Donahue Institute, said Republican efforts to target immigrants could harm the workforce in Massachusetts. 

“The economic story in Massachusetts is very much an immigrant story,” Melnik said, noting that domestic emigration from the state has in large part been offset by international immigration over the past 20 years. 

“We are looking at a different demographic picture over the next 20 years,” Melnik said. “With an aging workforce, immigration is a critical part of growing the labor supply.” 

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Entergy La. Confirms Meta Data Center Behind 3 Proposed Gas Plants

Entergy Louisiana on Dec. 5 confirmed that a new $10 billion data center being built by Meta is the motive behind its recent filing to build three new gas plants at a combined 2.3 GW.

The news was not a surprise after the Louisiana Public Service Commission in November took the first steps to review Entergy’s approximately $3.2 billion request to build the three combined cycle plants, a new 500-kV transmission line and substation for a then-unnamed customer. At the time, Commissioner Foster Campbell, who confirmed Meta’s ties to Entergy’s generation plan, said the data center could cost $5 billion to $10 billion. (See La. PSC Reviewing Entergy Request for $5B Data Center with Gas Gen.)

Entergy Louisiana CEO Phillip May said the utility’s plans for the three gas plants and transmission facilities will support a “transformational investment” for the state.

“We are not only delivering the energy needed today, but also building the infrastructure that will support a brighter, more sustainable future for all of Louisiana. Together, we’re laying the foundation for economic growth that will benefit generations to come,” May said in a press release.

May added that Entergy is “proud to have played a significant role in assisting the state of Louisiana in recruiting this project to our state.”

Meta plans to begin site work this month at the 1,400-acre former Franklin Farm mega site in Richland Parish. The data center is expected to cover 4 million square feet. Prior to Meta’s commitment, Entergy marketed the site, touting its potential for large-scale development.

Construction is anticipated through 2030. By then, Meta is supposed to have achieved its self-imposed goal of net zero emissions across its operations and suppliers.

Meta has committed to matching 100% of its electricity use from the gas plants with clean generation elsewhere. Under that pledge, Meta will partner with Entergy to bring a minimum 1.5 GW of new renewable energy to the grid through the utility’s Geaux Zero program.

Entergy Louisiana said the matching would occur on an energy basis, not on an accredited capacity or installed capacity basis.

According to Entergy spokesperson Brandon Scardigli, the utility will solicit 1.5 GW of “incremental solar and/or hybrid resources through an alternative, streamlined, competitive procurement process that has been approved by the Louisiana PSC.” Scardigli said that under the process, resources must be directly connected to MISO’s Zone 9, which includes Louisiana and Texas. It’s unclear how much of the new generation would end up sited near Richland Parish to offset the added emissions and how many of the solar additions would have an energy storage component.

In its press release, Entergy characterized the proposed gas generation as “clean, efficient power plants.” The utility has said the plants will start as 30% hydrogen capable and raised the possibility of getting the plants to 100% with upgrades.

The utility has also seemingly hinted that carbon capture and sequestration equipment could enter the picture for the plants by invoking Meta’s promise to partially fund Entergy Louisiana’s front-end engineering and design study to evaluate the technical and financial feasibility of installing CCS at the Lake Charles Power Station in southwest Louisiana.

“Meta’s 100% clean energy commitment uses methodologies from the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Annually, Meta matches its electricity use with 100% clean and renewable energy on an annual basis based on megawatt-hours,” spokesperson Melanie Roe said in a statement to RTO Insider.

Entergy and Meta did not comment on when hydrogen capability or CCS would be implemented, or whether Meta would take other actions to offset the emissions if those technologies don’t pan out. Roe said the carbon capture and hydrogen initiatives “are part of Entergy’s operations.”

Jobs

Louisiana Gov. Jeff Landry praised the hyperscale data center as “a new chapter” for the state.

Meta estimated the data center will “support” 500 or more direct new jobs in Richland Parish. The Louisiana Economic Development (LED) agency said the project has the potential to spur more than 1,000 indirect new jobs in the economically depressed northeast portion of the state.

Entergy said its new infrastructure will support up to 1,800 temporary jobs for constructing the generating units and up to 5,000 temporary jobs for the substation and transmission work. It projected 44 permanent jobs to maintain the new generation.

LED said the project represents one of the largest private capital investments in Louisiana’s history and that it should have a knock-on effect of more economic activity and investments in the state’s northeast.

“This project is an example of what Louisiana can accomplish when economic development partners play offense rather than waiting for good projects to come to them,” LED Secretary Susan B. Bourgeois said. “Louisiana has been actively positioning itself as a hub for AI innovation, with plans to support startups, grow a skilled workforce and shape forward-thinking policy. Meta’s historic investment is just the beginning of a bold strategy to drive economic growth through AI [and] expand and diversify the state’s tech sector.”

“Richland Parish in Louisiana is an outstanding location for Meta to call home for a number of reasons,” Meta Director of Data Center Strategy Kevin Janda said. “It provides great access to infrastructure, a reliable grid, a business-friendly climate and wonderful community partners that have helped us move this project forward. We’re thrilled to be a new member of the Richland Parish community and are committed to investing in its long-term vitality.”

Consumer Advocate Raises Eyebrow

The Alliance for Affordable Energy (AAE), a Louisiana consumer watchdog nonprofit, questioned Entergy’s plans to power the sprawling data center with 2.3 GW in gas generation.

“That’s a 25% increase in [Entergy Louisiana’s] power generation — and a hefty price tag — for a facility that has a 35- to 40-year lifespan, but only a 15-year agreement with Meta. Who is going to need, and pay for, 2.3 GW after that?” AAE State Policy Director Jessica Hendricks said in a press release.

AAE pointed out that Entergy is not planning to open its generation plans up to competition. It argued that the utility did not seem to meaningfully consider potentially more affordable alternatives, like combinations of wind, solar and storage. It also said Meta and Entergy’s commitment to CCS at the plants could be disingenuous or a far-off possibility because the technology is not currently used at scale.

“If we’re going to take on billions in costs, we need guarantees that this is the best option for Louisianans, not just the fastest,” AAE Executive Director Logan Burke said. “This project has been marketed as a ‘game changing’ opportunity, but the truth is, Louisiana residents could be on the hook for significant costs and will bear all the risk should conditions change.”

AAE was also skeptical of Entergy’s and the state’s claims of job creation and argued that most of the associated jobs will be “temporary construction work.”

“Data centers don’t need many employees to run. Where’s the plan to ensure locals get trained and hired for these roles?” it said.

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West to See ‘Staggering’ Load Growth, WECC Report Says

A new WECC report forecasts “staggering” growth in electricity demand in the Western Interconnection over the next decade — a trend that is even more concerning as entities struggle to complete resource additions on schedule. 

Those trends are detailed in WECC’s 2024 Western Assessment of Resource Adequacy (WARA), released Dec. 3.  

The report predicts that annual demand in the Western Interconnection will grow from 942 TWh in 2025 to 1,134 TWh in 2034. That 20.4% increase is more than four times the 4.5% growth rate from 2013 to 2022, and twice the 9.6% growth forecast in 2022 resource plans. 

WECC said large loads are a major factor in the rapid demand growth, including data centers, factories and cryptocurrency mining. Electrification also plays a role. 

If the 172 GW in new generating capacity planned over the next decade comes online as scheduled, the Western Interconnection will be largely resource adequate through 2034, WECC said. 

But plans for resource development have been falling behind. From 2018 to 2023, only 76% of planned resource additions came online in the year scheduled. In 2023, that share was even lower, at 53%. 

“If demand grows as expected and industry experiences delays and cancellations in building new resources over the next decade, the West will face potentially severe resource adequacy challenges,” the WARA said. 

Factors contributing to the delays are supply chain disruptions, lengthy interconnection queues and rising material costs. Siting struggles are another issue, WECC said, as local opposition to wind, solar and battery projects is “widespread and growing.” 

The WARA looked at how delays in bringing planned resources online might increase the number of demand-at-risk hours each year. Demand-at-risk hours — a measure of resource adequacy risk — are times when there is a risk for potential load loss. 

If all planned additions are completed on time, there are 89 demand-at-risk hours over the next decade, the report estimated. If 85% of resources are built on time, 36 hours are at risk in 2029, increasing to 129 hours in 2034. 

If only 55% of resources are finished on time, eight hours are at risk in 2025 and 952 hours are at risk by 2034. 

‘Positive Sign’

The WARA was discussed during a Dec. 5 monthly meeting of the Western Interconnection Regional Advisory Body (WIRAB), where some attendees were complimentary of the report. 

“It is going to be very helpful as we try to grasp the scale of what the region faces,” Wyoming Public Utility Commission member Mary Throne said during the meeting. 

The California Energy Commission’s Grace Anderson said WECC continued to improve the WARA every year. 

Anderson pointed out that it was WIRAB that first asked WECC to produce the WARA and asked that the report track the rate of proposed resources actually coming online. 

“So, seeing that that number is as high as it is at the moment is a positive sign,” she said. 

Anderson said the finding that 85% of proposed additions are inverter-based resources signals an “important challenge to reliability.” Of the 172 GW of new generating capacity planned by 2034, solar, wind and battery storage account for almost 145 GW. 

Variable Resources

In addition to growing demand, the Western Interconnection is also facing resource retirements over the next decade that are increasing the need for new resources, the WARA noted. 

Over the next decade, 25.85 GW of generation is slated for retirement, including more than 24 GW of baseload generation such as coal, natural gas and nuclear.  

More than 4.4 GW of coal and more than 3.6 GW of gas are scheduled for retirement in 2025 and 2026, respectively. In California, retirement of the 2.2-GW Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant was postponed for five years and is now set for 2030. 

The baseload resources set for retirement are largely being replaced by variable resources such as solar and wind. 

“These changes increase risk and create challenges in system planning and operation,” the WARA said. 

Robert Mullin contributed to this article. 

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DOE Environmental Justice Pilot Paves Way for Implementation

A pilot effort in 24 communities nationwide yielded important insight for environmental justice initiatives, the U.S. Department of Energy said.

DOE issued its final report Dec. 4 on the Communities Local Energy Action Program (LEAP) pilot, part of the Biden administration’s Justice40 Initiative to direct 40% of clean energy investments to disadvantaged communities.

Communities LEAP targets low-income, energy-burdened communities where environmental injustice exists or where the transition away from fossil fuels faces economic challenges. The first cohort of 24 communities began the process in spring of 2022.

The pilot, funded with $16 million, sought to identify each community’s energy-related priorities, opportunities and challenges; provide resources and analysis to aid with energy planning; and enable long-term economic and environmental benefits.

The National Renewable Energy, Sandia, Lawrence Livermore and National Energy Technology laboratories provided technical assistance, along with subcontractors.

Key points included working with the unique characteristics of each of the 24 communities; identifying priorities and building consensus; establishing trust and enabling local leadership; and maintaining contact between the community and its designated technical assistance providers after the initial round of assistance was complete.

In its report, DOE said many of the coalitions emerged from the process ready to move from planning their energy transition to implementing it. Some already have secured funding.

DOE said there was learning in both directions — the technical assistance providers took away lessons that will inform their work with the 30 communities in the second cohort of Communities LEAP, which began in the spring of 2024, and their efforts in other programs with a similar mission.

Among the changes in the second cohort: Direct funding will be provided because residents of disadvantaged communities may lack the time and capital needed to consistently engage; program staff will incorporate the potential for future uncertainty and change into their planning; staff will look for ways to streamline technical assistance to meet needs that are similar across dissimilar communities; and more training will be offered to community coalitions so they can continue the work after the program itself ends.

The future shape of Justice40 and similar initiatives remains to be seen. There has been widespread speculation that federal environmental justice initiatives will lapse under President Trump.

But Communities LEAP also was about helping communities help themselves.

Among the reported results of the pilot project:

    • Alachua County, Fla., created a Green Jobs Advisory Council, a weatherization toolkit for residents and a potential solar leasing scheme supporting home energy efficiency upgrades.
    • Louisville, Ky., will identify energy-efficiency investments to reduce emissions and lower the energy burden for low- and moderate-income households.
    • Jackson County, Ill., developed the knowledge to approach developers, plan residential interconnection and explain benefits to residential subscribers with help of Illinois Solar for All.
    • Duluth, Minn., developed a clean energy action plan prioritizing building efficiency, transportation and industrial decarbonization.
    • North Birmingham, Ala., analyzed residents’ housing and transportation priorities to inform future strategies and decision making.
    • The Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska received assistance with development of a microgrid that will improve reliability of energy systems while creating green jobs and job training for the local workforce.
    • The Beacon Hill neighborhood of Seattle received support to meet energy-related goals ranging from improved air quality and better climate impact resilience to reduced resident displacement and lower greenhouse gas emissions.
    • The Columbia (S.C.) Housing Authority developed the technical knowledge and best practices to spearhead weatherization efforts across the city, creating business and job opportunities along the way.
    • Questa, N.M., is better able to decide whether and how it should pursue development of an electrolytic hydrogen plant on the site of a former molybdenum mine, thanks to a feasibility study and economic analysis.
    • Mingo and Logan counties, W.Va., received assistance to evaluate the economic viability of developing infrastructure to separate rare earth elements and other critical minerals from coal waste feedstocks.
    • Bridgeport, Conn., sought help creating a model community benefit/community engagement framework for renewables projects; partly because of this, a manufacturer chose to site a battery electrode factory employing 200 people there.
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BPA Hit FY24 Reliability Targets Despite Wildfires, Peak Load Records

The Bonneville Power Administration hit all its reliability goals in fiscal 2024 despite massive wildfires, peak load records and public safety power shutoffs, agency staff said during a stakeholder workshop Dec. 4. 

The agency managed to meet its reliability targets, which are determined under two indexes: system average interruption duration index and system average interruption frequency index, Richard Shaheen, BPA senior vice president of transmission services, told participants during the agency’s Evolving Grid stakeholder workshop. 

But hitting the targets was challenging, as customers set simultaneous peak load records in both summer and winter, Shaheen said. 

Loads reached 11,396 MW in early January, setting a demand record not seen “since the time of the aluminum smelters in our territory,” according to Shaheen.  

Similarly, loads reached a new summer record of 9,179 MW on July 8. However, that record only lasted one day as BPA saw summer load levels going up to 9,365 MW on July 9. 

Shaheen emphasized that BPA tries to meet this new demand by upgrading and expanding the grid. He noted that weather threats continue to pose significant challenges. 

“One of the biggest challenges we have from Mother Nature is wildfires,” Shaheen said. “Really a significant threat to our system and [a] significant threat to all of Pacific Northwest.” 

The burn area during FY24 increased five times from 2023 within BPA’s service area, Shaheen said. 

The burn area in BPA’s service territory equaled 40.8% of the national burn area, according to Shaheen. More than 3.2 million acres burned by the end of FY24, an almost three-fold increase over the 10-year average, BPA stated in its 2024 annual report. 

“Really a staggering number and staggering challenge,” Shaheen added. 

A recent report from WECC shows wildfires burned 2 million acres in Oregon this summer, breaking the record set in 2020, while the 288,000 acres burned in Washington more than doubled the 10-year average for that state. Idaho and Montana both experienced above-average fire seasons, WECC said. 

The agency issued public safety power shutoffs four times in the past year, which impacted five lines. In one of those instances, BPA had to drop load because of a fire threat to infrastructure, Shaheen noted. 

However, tools like fire wraps, which are placed around wood poles, have protected infrastructure. Shaheen added that BPA also continuously assesses how to boost wildfire mitigation by using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and in conversations with industry leaders and organizations. 

“We continue to advance the analytics and our plans to try to navigate through that wildfire threat,” Shaheen said. “I’d like to say we’ve been pretty successful so far. We don’t want to be the cause of the fire. We don’t want damage to be caused to our infrastructure due to fire.” 

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Voltus Hires Its 2nd Former FERC Chair in Chatterjee

Former FERC Chair Neil Chatterjee is joining virtual power plant operator Voltus, the company announced Dec. 5. 

Chatterjee, who as chair shepherded Order 2222 to passage — requiring ISOs and RTOs to allow DER aggregations to participate in their markets — and joins former FERC Chairman Jon Wellinghoff, who is chief regulatory officer at Voltus. 

“With 2222, Chairman Chatterjee set in motion the next chapter of the VPP industry’s growth,” Voltus CEO Dana Guernsey said in a statement. “We are proving that empowering customers to deliver grid services produces significant grid reliability, affordability and decarbonization outcomes. 2222 allows more households and businesses in more states and markets to deliver value to the grid and to be compensated for it. Neil’s experience, knowledge of energy markets and influence among regulators and utilities are invaluable assets for Voltus’ mission.” 

Order 2222 was one of Chatterjee’s prouder achievements when he chaired the commission, and he said in an interview that the new role with Voltus would let him keep working on those issues. 

“I’m committed to seeing the groundbreaking order succeed,” Chatterjee said. “Voltus is a leading virtual power plant operator and distributed energy resource platform, and helping them realize the market opportunities enabled by 2222 was really exciting to me.” 

Wellinghoff also oversaw major orders on the demand side during his chairmanship, most notably Order 745. 

“With Chairman Chatterjee coming aboard, Voltus possesses even greater capability to work with public service commissions, grid operators, utilities and other industry decision-makers to remove the remaining barriers hindering the full realization of DERs’ capabilities,” Wellinghoff said in a statement. 

Chatterjee noted that so far, only CAISO has gotten the work done on implementing Order 2222. 

“The fallout from the last PJM capacity auction this summer … just illustrates the growing need for kind of flexible, quick-to-scale resources,” Chatterjee said. “And so, to the extent that PJM and the other regions can integrate distributed power plants into their system to help with some of these steep price hikes and the mismatch between supply and demand, I would think it’s in a grid operator’s interest.” FERC could help move that along by focusing on implementation of Order 2222, he said. 

Another area that FERC could move forward on would be to remove the opt-out it granted to states over demand response in 2008’s Order 719, he added.  

Court rulings on DR and similar areas where end-use customers can participate in wholesale markets have chipped away at the need for the opt-out since then, Chatterjee argued. A Notice of Inquiry that FERC launched in 2021 on the issue remains pending (RM21-14). 

VPPs’ ability to help optimize grid infrastructure can help maintain reliability at the lowest cost, especially with growing demand needed to support the ongoing development of artificial intelligence, Chatterjee said. 

President-elect Donald Trump “has made a commitment to both win the AI race against China by ensuring that we have power to win that AI race, but simultaneously … has pledged to bring down electricity bills and curb inflation,” Chatterjee said. “And in order to do that, we’re going to not only need every available electron, we’re also going to need to find greater optimization and efficiencies of our existing infrastructure.” 

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Calif. Report Examines Deep Potential for Wave Energy

Waves off the California coast could provide as much as 140 TWh of electricity a year with today’s technology, but the state faces several obstacles to achieving that potential, according to a new report.

The California Energy Commission report, released in draft form Nov. 26, said that wave and tidal energy could diversify the state’s electricity portfolio, complementing intermittent renewable resources such as solar and wind, and help California meet its renewable energy targets.

Wave energy systems could be deployed as distributed energy resources to serve local demand, such as at ports, remote communities, military installations or marine research stations, the report said.

Wave energy systems also could be located with floating offshore wind.

“Colocation of wave energy and offshore wind energy can reduce project development costs through shared expenses of infrastructure, operations and maintenance, and licensing, and could provide enhanced energy yield and better predictability,” the CEC said in its draft report.

But barriers to wave energy projects are many, the report noted. Because the industry is at an early stage, a single technology or device has yet to emerge as the preferred solution. Costs remain high, and environmental impacts may vary depending on the technology type and location.

There are also grid integration challenges, including connection costs, grid stability and regulatory frameworks.

The report recommends promoting further research on the potential value of wave and tidal energy devices as clean, firm resources as well as the devices’ environmental impacts.

Exploring market incentives to support investment in wave and tidal energy technology is another recommendation, as is developing a clear regulatory process for projects.

The report on wave and tidal energy resources is included in the CEC’s 2024 Integrated Energy Policy Report (IEPR) update.

The evaluation is the result of California Senate Bill 605 of 2023, which directed the CEC to evaluate the feasibility, costs, and benefits of wave and tidal energy and to submit a report to the legislature by Jan. 1, 2025.

CEC said it will follow up with a report on suitable sea space for offshore wave and tidal energy — another requirement of SB 605.

Resource Size

The CEC report assesses both wave and tidal energy — two types of marine energy resources.

It cites the findings of a 2021 report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) that looked at the size of marine energy resources across the U.S. NREL focused on the size of the “technical resource,” which is the amount of energy that could potentially be harnessed using existing technology.

The technical resource is a portion of the total energy resource that’s theoretically available; NREL also noted that the technical resource is greater than the “practical resource,” which considers environmental and regulatory constraints and other barriers.

The wave energy technical resource off California’s coast is 140 TWh/year, NREL said, which equals 69% of the state’s 2019 net electricity generation and is enough to power 13 million homes.

The state’s technical resource for tidal energy is comparatively small, at 0.89 TWh/year, and is concentrated at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, where the resource is 0.78 TWh/year.

“Commercial-scale marine energy projects in California would likely use wave energy instead of tidal energy because of more abundant wave energy resources,” the CEC said in its report.

Elsewhere on the West Coast, Oregon’s wave resource is 93 TWh/year. That’s 1.5 times the state’s 2019 net electricity generation and “could allow Oregon to be a net exporter of wave-powered electricity,” NREL said in its report.

Technology Types

Many different types of technology have been developed to convert wave energy to electricity.

One type of system is an overtopping converter, in which waves spill over the crest of the device and into an above-sea-level reservoir. The controlled release of water from the reservoir drives turbines to generate energy.

A Danish company called Wave Dragon makes one well-known overtopping device. The company says its platform “is highly suitable as a floating foundation for wind turbines.”

Point absorbers are a type of wave energy converter that uses a floating buoy or platform that moves up and down or back and forth as waves pass by. The movement, relative to a fixed object such as an anchor, is converted into mechanical energy and then into electricity.

The advantages of point absorbers are that they are small and easy to move, and can be deployed individually or assembled in arrays, according to Aspen Environmental Group, which performed an analysis of wave and tidal energy for the CEC.

A California-based company, CalWave, completed a 10-month demonstration of its xWave point absorber technology off the coast of San Diego in July 2022. The power and data generated by the x1 pilot device was exported via subsea cable to the Scripps Institute of Oceanography research pier.

“As offshore wind development is growing rapidly in the U.S. and globally, we recognize the significant opportunities for wind and wave farm co-location,” CalWave CEO Marcus Lehmann said in a statement upon completion of the pilot project.

CalWave has now been contracted by the Department of Energy to deploy its first utility grid-connected system at the 20 MW PacWave test site off the central Oregon coast. The test site is expected to be in operation in mid-2025.

CalWave submitted its own recommendations to the CEC on how to move forward with marine energy.

Those include setting statewide marine energy deployment targets of 100 MW by 2030, 500 MW by 2035 and 2,500 MW by 2040.

The company also recommended the CEC consider providing matching funds for DOE awards, clarify state regulatory processes and quantify potential savings to ratepayers from integrating marine energy into the grid.

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NC Town Sues Duke Energy over Alleged Climate Deception

The town of Carrboro filed a lawsuit against Duke Energy on Dec. 4 in North Carolina, alleging its inaction and deception on climate change has cost the municipality millions. 

While similar lawsuits have been filed against oil and gas firms — including one against the utility NW Natural Gas — Carrboro’s is the first suit by a municipality against an electric utility for its contribution to climate change. 

“The town of Carrboro is seeking compensation for damages we’ve suffered and will continue to suffer because of Duke Energy’s climate deception campaign, which has spanned several decades,” Mayor Barbara Foushee said at a press conference. “The corporation has disregarded the immense harm it has imposed on our town and other communities across North Carolina and the country by working against reducing the use of fossil fuels.” 

Foushee was flanked by other town officials, including members of the Town Council that voted unanimously Dec. 3 to file the lawsuit. Carrboro is in the Raleigh-Durham area, and it filed its lawsuit in Orange County Superior Court, with nonprofit NC WARN paying the legal fees. 

With the U.S. and other wealthy countries failing to meaningfully address climate change, it is important to hold their corporate polluters to account, NC WARN Executive Director Jim Warren said. 

“We all hope this lawsuit can help the many communities … that have been hurt already by climate disasters,” Warren said. “As the lawsuit shows, it was Duke Energy’s top bosses that are the culprits. They used denial, confusion [and] greenwashing, and even claimed global warming is good for us. They did all this to keep their profits rolling along.” 

The lawsuit alleges Duke misled the public to believe it is committed to renewable energy and that this has delayed the transition away from fossil fuels, materially worsening the climate crisis. As evidence that the company has known about climate risks for decades, it cites a 1968 Edison Electric Institute conference Duke executives attended, where they heard a presentation from a scientist who said carbon dioxide’s concentration in the atmosphere was growing and would lead to major consequences. 

The lawsuit also cites work from the Electric Power Research Institute, which included Duke executives on its board from its earliest days, that flagged carbon emissions and their impact on average temperatures in the 1970s. 

Despite the knowledge of climate change, Duke and its corporate predecessors continued to cast doubt on it publicly for decades, the lawsuit alleges. While in more recent times the utility has claimed to be a leader in green energy, those claims clash with its continued fossil emissions and plans to keep building natural gas-fired power plants, it says. 

“Although Carrboro is working to mitigate the impacts of climate change, as a result of the ever-worsening impacts of the climate crisis, the town is incurring, and will continue to incur, millions of dollars in damages,” the lawsuit says. Those include repairing town roads more frequently, building improved protections against more regular and devastating storms, and paying bigger bills to Duke itself as town buildings need to run air conditioners more often. 

The lawsuit does not seek any limits on Duke’s emissions or operations, just its liability for damages associated with its overall greenhouse gas emissions. 

Duke supported new coal plants as recently as 2007, when it was planning to add new capacity that could be retrofitted with carbon capture and storage, a still-nascent technology. 

“Over the next decade or more following these statements, Duke and its proxies would repeatedly and publicly support continued reliance upon fossil fuels by misrepresenting that CCS could prevent the problems associated with the emission of carbon due to the use of coal,” the lawsuit says. 

In comments to EPA on its power plant rule last summer, Duke said CCS would not even be ready by the agency’s proposed 2035 deadline, the lawsuit notes. 

More recently, Duke has been shutting down coal plants, but it has replaced much of the capacity with natural gas-fired units, which the lawsuit argues are no better for the climate. 

“Duke is currently engaged in one of the largest natural gas buildouts among any utility or energy company in the United States,” the lawsuit says. “Duke’s deceptions concerning natural gas have materially delayed the transition away from fossil fuels and toward renewable energy, including because these deceptions have caused the public to falsely believe that Duke is an environmentally conscientious corporation and thereby incentivized the public to continue to transact business with Duke.” 

Duke said in a statement that it is reviewing the town’s complaint. 

“Duke Energy is committed to its customers and communities and will continue working with policymakers and regulators to deliver reliable and increasingly clean energy while keeping rates as low as possible,” it said. 

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ISO-NE Stakeholders Respond to Potential Long-term Transmission RFP

Regional stakeholders widely support the New England States Committee on Electricity’s (NESCOE’s) proposed procurement of transmission solutions in Maine and New Hampshire but have differing views on the scope and format of the solicitation, according to public comments published Dec. 2

The proposed transmission solicitation would be the first to emerge from the longer-term transmission planning (LTTP) process, which NESCOE developed in collaboration with ISO-NE and FERC approved in July. (See FERC Approves New Pathway for New England Transmission Projects.)

The process allows NESCOE to identify a transmission need and direct ISO-NE to issue a request for proposals. It also includes a default cost allocation method in which the costs of a selected project would be regionalized by load, while NESCOE also could provide an alternative cost structure or opt to terminate the process.

In October, NESCOE told stakeholders it plans to focus the first LTTP solicitation on increasing the capacity of two interfaces in Maine and New Hampshire, which ISO-NE estimates will be overloaded by the mid-2030s. In a letter to ISO-NE, the states also expressed interest in projects that would help “facilitate the integration of additional generation resources located in northern Maine.” (See New England States Seeking Increase of North-South Tx Capacity.)

NESCOE asked for feedback on how to successfully achieve these goals, and said it still is considering whether it should expand the RFP to include “a requirement for solutions that extend farther north into Maine.”

“While such a requirement would further facilitate the transfer of cost-effective power across these interfaces, NESCOE seeks to avoid an overly prescriptive scope that may hinder the success of a potential RFP,” NESCOE added.

Clean Energy Groups

In joint comments, RENEW Northeast, the American Council on Renewable Energy and American Clean Power said NESCOE’s October memo is “an important first step … that will unlock additional renewable energy sources in Maine and reduce curtailment of existing resources.”

The clean energy groups said the RFP should be structured to encourage competition and be open to a range of technologies, “including the use of grid-enhancing technologies and high-performance conductors, as well as storage that performs a transmission function.”

Because the RFP will not allow partial solutions to the identified needs, “NESCOE should carefully consider the minimum requirements it identifies,” the groups wrote, adding that “allowing for a comprehensive solution to be comprised of discrete segments or sections could provide additional flexibility for meeting transmission needs.”

For future iterations of the LTTP process, the groups recommended ISO-NE and NESCOE adopt “a forward-looking solicitation schedule to provide project developers with longer-term market visibility.”

Advanced Energy United advocated for adequate flexibility to enable non-incumbent transmission developers to meaningfully participate in the process. The trade association said breaking the solicitation into multiple RFPs may enable more participation, but said a multi-RFP format should be pursued only if it does not hurt the timeline or the likelihood of success.

Hydro-Québec said the solicitation will be essential for reducing congestion and wrote that the “resulting transmission solutions will optimize the use of existing and future resources.”

The company touted the potential of its hydro resources to help balance renewables in New England and urged the region to consider “market reforms to complement and optimize future transmission solutions,” including the elimination of exit fees on electricity exported from New England to Québec.

“Market structures should be created and implemented that properly compensate clean and dispatchable resources and long-duration storage to support the integration of significant volumes of renewable generation into the New England system,” Hydro-Québec wrote.

Multi-day energy storage developer Form Energy said its batteries could help address constraints on the interfaces by absorbing energy when the interfaces are constrained and discharging when capacity is available.

Incumbent Transmission Owners

Eversource and Central Maine Power (CMP) both advocated for a defined, clear RFP scope to maximize the likelihood of success.

“A broad RFP seeking large, complex projects may limit the quality of the solutions proposed because bidders may be hesitant to dedicate significant resources to sufficiently developing very large projects,” Eversource wrote. “A targeted RFP is more likely to be successful and would not foreclose the possibility of pursuing a larger transmission expansion program via a sequence of several additional RFPs over time.”

CMP expressed concern that allowing projects to address needs in Northern Maine could overlap with a separate upcoming transmission procurement by the state of Maine and could delay Maine’s solicitation.

National Grid asked for more clarity around how projects will be evaluated and urged the RTO to “adopt and make known a relative weighting of evaluation criteria.”

The company also recommended “that NESCOE define the need to focus on renewable energy deliverability rather than interface limits to give participants greater flexibility in solution development and provide customers with the optimal solution.”

In contrast to CMP and Eversource, Vermont Electric Power Co. (VELCO) and Grid United submitted joint comments advocating for “flexible definitions to encourage a diverse range of innovative responses.”

VELCO and Grid United have proposed a $2.5 billion transmission project connecting New England, Québec and potentially New York, which is intended to increase interregional transmission capacity, reduce congestion and enable the interconnection of new renewables.

“We would respectfully request that NESCOE give strong consideration to this project for its second LTTP solicitation,” the companies wrote.

Non-incumbent Transmission Developers

Non-incumbent transmission developers, including NextEra Energy Transmission (NEET), LS Power and Con Edison Transmission (CET), stressed the need to allow bidders to include upgrades within an existing right of way.

“Allowing bidders to submit transmission solutions that include new or upgraded incumbent-owned transmission facilities and that solve for discrete needs will eliminate unnecessary obstacles to the development of competitive, innovative and cost-effective transmission solutions,” NEET wrote.

To make this RFP a competitive success, it should be clear that the need for new infrastructure defined in the RFP is outside of the [right of first refusal] rights of incumbent transmission owners,” CET wrote.

CET called for “an ample window” for developers to submit proposals, while LS Power advocated for shorter application and evaluation periods. ISO-NE has outlined a six-month application window, followed by a yearlong review process. LS recommended a 60‐ to 90-day application window and a 6-month evaluation period.

Consumer and Environmental Advocates

A coalition of environmental nonprofits said the RFP should explicitly consider potential interconnections of offshore wind upstream of the selected interfaces.

“Focusing solely on the potential integration of 3,000 MW of new onshore generation from northern Maine could result in a lack of grid transfer capacity for offshore wind and other resources that interconnect in Maine,” the coalition wrote.

The groups also stressed the need to move the process as quickly as possible and said NESCOE “should consider the possibility of initiating a second solicitation before the completion of the first.”

The Acadia Center submitted additional comments advocating for flexibility in potential solutions, a priority for using existing rights of way, and consideration of benefits related to increased interregional transmission capacity and offshore wind compatibility.

The Massachusetts Office of the Attorney General and the New Hampshire Office of the Consumer Advocate submitted joint comments advocating for a greater role for consumer advocates in the process.

“The Consumer Advocates seek to enhance our ability to participate more proactively in the LTTP process and to be included in critical discussions at key decision points to assure ratepayer interests are effectively represented and meaningfully considered,” the offices wrote.

Synapse Energy Economics, representing the Maine Office of the Public Advocate and nonprofit energy buying consortium PowerOptions, echoed the calls for a “flexible approach” to maximize competition.

“Synapse encourages NESCOE to include a recommendation that bids utilize alternative transmission technologies and particularly storage options when demonstrated to be cost-effective,” the company wrote.

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Meta Seeks Nuclear Partners; AWS Boosts Efficiency

Meta and Amazon Web Services continue to search for ways to meet their data centers’ growing power demand, requesting proposals for nuclear reactor construction and announcing new efficiency measures. 

Meta said Dec. 3 it wants to add 1 GW to 4 GW of new U.S. nuclear generation capacity by the early 2030s to help meet its AI innovation goals and sustainability objectives. It said it is taking an open approach with its RFP so it can partner with others in the industry to bring new nuclear generation online. 

AWS said Dec. 2 it has designed new data center components to support innovation with artificial intelligence and boost the energy efficiency of its facilities. It said this simultaneously will support the next wave of generative AI, increase computing power 12% and improve the availability and efficiency of the data centers. 

Meta’s announcement is Big Tech’s latest embrace of nuclear power, which holds the potential to supply large amounts of baseload emissions-free electricity — if new reactors can be built quickly, affordably and in large numbers. 

Microsoft, Google and Amazon earlier in 2024 announced deals to run their facilities on nuclear power. In November, media outlets were abuzz about a report that Meta’s plan to build an AI data center next to an existing nuclear plant was thwarted by the presence on-site of a population of rare bees that could be disrupted by the construction. 

So Meta is looking elsewhere to meet its parallel goals of reducing its carbon footprint and increasing its computing power, an effort that already has yielded more than 12 GW of renewable energy contracts for its operations. 

“Supporting the development of clean energy must continue to be a priority as electric grids expand to accommodate growing energy needs,” it said in its announcement. “At Meta, we believe nuclear energy will play a pivotal role in the transition to a cleaner, more reliable and diversified electric grid.” 

Meta explained it is engaging projects earlier in the process because nuclear generation is more expensive, takes longer to build, faces more regulatory oversight and has a longer operating lifespan than other generation technologies. 

It said: “We are looking to identify developers that can help accelerate the availability of new nuclear generators and create sufficient scale to achieve material cost reductions by deploying multiple units, both to provide for Meta’s future energy needs and to advance broader industry decarbonization.” 

The growth of power-intensive AI and the data centers in which it exists has been presented as a seismic change, and one the U.S. power industry is not prepared to meet. 

In the past several months, for example, Goldman Sachs predicted a 160% increase in data center demand by 2030. EPRI predicted data center demand could more than double to as much as 9% of U.S. electricity generation by 2030. The U.S. Department of Energy predicted total U.S. demand could grow 15 to 20% in the next decade. S&P Global predicted a need for 50 GW of new generation capacity by 2030, with accompanying upgrades in transmission — total cost $75 billion. 

Not everyone is convinced the increase in electric demand from data centers will be so steep, however — the sector may not grow as expected, or technology improvements could reduce the power consumption of the hardware. 

This latter scenario is the focus of the AWS initiative. 

The new data center components announced Dec. 2 incorporate improvements in power, cooling and hardware design. They will be used in new U.S. data centers starting in early 2025; some existing facilities already have been retrofitted. 

The upgrades include: 

    • Simplified electrical and mechanical designs reduce the required number of conversion and distribution processes, each of which is a point of inefficiency, energy loss and potential failure. 
    • Backup power is moved closer to the server racks, reducing the number of cooling fans needed. 
    • Novel liquid-to-chip mechanical cooling solutions are integrated with air cooling systems to maximize performance and efficiency while minimizing cost. 
    • AI is used to predict the most efficient way to position racks, reducing the amount of power that is stranded, unused or underused. 
    • In-house innovations in power delivery are expected to yield a 6X increase in rack power density within two years and an additional 3X increase further in the future. 
    • Telemetry tools provide real-time diagnostics and troubleshooting to optimize operating conditions. 

Prasad Kalyanaraman, vice president of infrastructure services at AWS, said in the news release: “These data center capabilities represent an important step forward with increased energy efficiency and flexible support for emerging workloads. But what is even more exciting is that they are designed to be modular, so that we are able to retrofit our existing infrastructure for liquid cooling and energy efficiency to power generative AI applications and lower our carbon footprint.”